THE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN SOUL 239 



whatever for supposing the brute to possess the superorganic 

 power of understanding commonly known as intelligence. 



Etymologically speaking, the abstract term "intelligence," 

 together with the corresponding concrete term "intellect," is de- 

 rived from the Latin: intus-legere, signifying to "read within," 

 the fitness of the term being based upon the fact that the 

 intellect can penetrate beneath the outer appearances of things 

 to inner aspects and relations, which are hidden from the 

 senses. In its proper and most general usage, intelligence 

 denotes a cognoscitive power of abstraction and generalization, 

 which, by means of conceptual comparison, discovers the 

 supersensible relationships existent between the realities con- 

 ceived, in such wise as to apprehend substances beneath 

 phenomena, causes behind effects, and remote ends beyond 

 proximate means. 



Certain animal psychologists, however, refuse to reserve 

 the prerogative of intelligence for man. Bouvier's "La Vie 

 Psychique des Insectes" (1918), for example, contains the 

 following statement: "Choice of a remarkably intellectual 

 nature, is even more noticeable in the instinctive manifesta- 

 tions of individual memory. The animal, endowed with well- 

 developed senses and nervous system, not only reacts to new 

 necessities by new acts, but associates the stored up impres- 

 sions of new sensations and thereby appropriately directs its 

 further activities. Thus, by an intelligent process, new habits 

 are established, which by heredity become part of the patri- 

 mony of instinct, modifying the latter and constituting ele- 

 ments essential to its evolution. Of these instincts acquired 

 through an intelligent apprenticeship Forel was led to say that 

 they are reasoning made automatic, and it is to them particu- 

 larly that we may apply the idea of certain biologists that 

 instincts are habits which have become hereditary and auto- 

 matic." (Smithson. Inst. Rpt. for 1918, p. 454.) 



It is extremely doubtful, however, whether Bouvier is here 

 using the term intelligence in its proper sense. Indeed, his 

 words convey the impression that what he means by intelli- 



