274 THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION 



decidedly against the theory of man's descent from the ape." 

 ("Mensch oder Affe?" p. 59.) Ranke has somewhere called 

 man a brain-animal, and this sums up the chief difference, 

 which marks off the human body from all bestial organisms. 

 In the ape the brain weighs only 100th part of the weight of 

 its body, whereas in man the brain has a weight equivalent to 

 the 37th part of the weight of the human body. The cranial 

 capacity of the largest apes ranges from 500 to 600 c.cm., 

 while the average cranial capacity in man is 1500 c.cm. 

 Moreover, the human brain is far more extensively convoluted 

 within the brain-case than that of an ape, so much so that the 

 surface or cortical area of the human brain is four times as 

 great as that of the ape's brain. Thus Wundt, in his "Grund- 

 ziige der physiologischen Psychologie," cites H. Wagner as 

 assigning to man a brain surface of from 2,196 to 1,877 sq. 

 cm., but a cortical area of only 535 sq. cm. in the case of 

 an orang-outang. (Cf. English Translation by Titchener, vol. 

 I, p. 286.) 



Another difficulty in the way of the Darwinian theory of 

 direct descent is the fact that the best counterparts of human 

 anatomy are not found united in any one species of ape or 

 monkey, but are scattered throughout a large number of 

 species. "Returning to the old discussion," says Thomas 

 Dwight, "as to which ape can boast of the closest resemblance 

 to man, Kohlbrugge brings before us Aeby's forgotten book on 

 the skull of man and apes. His measurements show that the 

 form nearest to man among apes is the gibbon, or long-armed 

 ape, but that the South American monkey Crysothrix is nearer 

 still. Aeby recognized what modern anatomists have for- 

 gotten or wilfully ignored : that any system of descent is inade- 

 quate which does not recognize that the type of man is not 

 in any one organ, but in all the physical and psychological 

 features. He declared that while we are far from having 

 this universal knowledge, we have learned enough about the 

 various parts of the body to make it impossible for us to 

 sketch any plan of descent. 'It almost seems as if every part 



