314 THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION 



upright primate, whence we are said to have sprung. Even 

 Miocene would be too late a date for our alleged divergence 

 from the primitive arboreal stock. 



Of the capacity of the calvarium, Dubois says: "I found 

 the above-mentioned cavity measured 550 c.cm. The cast of 

 the cavity of the Neanderthal skull taken to the same plane 

 measiu-es 750 c.cm." {Loc. cit., p. 450, footnote.) His first esti- 

 mate of the total cranial capacity of Pithecanthropus was 

 1000 c.cm., but, later on, when he decided to reconstruct the 

 skull on the basis of the cranium of a gibbon {Hylobates 

 agilis) rather than that of a chimpanzee {Troglodytes niger)^ 

 he reduced his estimate of the cranial capacity to 900 c.cm. 

 Recently, it is rumored, he has increased the latter estimate, as 

 a sequel to his having removed by means of a dentist's tool 

 all the siliceous matter adhering to the skull-cap. As regards 

 shape, the calvarium seems to resemble most closely the 

 cranial vault of gibbon. This similarity, as we have seen, led 

 Dubois to reconstruct the skull on hylobatic lines — "the skull 

 of Hylobates agilis," says Dubois, ''. . . strikingly resembles 

 that of Pithecanthropus." {Loc. cit., p. 450, footnote.) The 

 craniologist Macnamara, it is true, claims that the skull-cap 

 most closely approximates the Troglodyte type. Speaking of 

 the calvarium of Pithecanthropus, the latter says: "The 

 cranium of an average adult male chimpanzee and the Java 

 cranium are so closely related that I believe them to belong 

 to the same family of animals — i.e. to the true apes." {Archiv. 

 Jiir Anthropologie, XXVIII, 1903, pp. 349-360.) The large 

 cranial capacity, however, would seem to favor Dubois' inter- 

 pretation, seeing that gibbons have, in proportion to their 

 bodies, twice as large a brain as the huge Troglodyte apes, 

 namely, the chimpanzee and the gorilla. The maximum cranial 

 capacity for any ape is from 500 to 600 c.cm. Hence, with 

 900 c.cm. of cranial capacity estimated by Dubois, the Pithe- 

 canthropus stands midway between the ape and the Neander- 

 thal Man, a human dwarf, whose cranial capacity Huxley 

 estimated at 1,236 c.cm. This consideration, however, does 



