322 THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION 



face, the mandible appears to be almost precisely that of an 

 ape, with nothing human except the molar teeth." (Cf. Smith- 

 son. Inst. Rpt. for 1913, pp. 505, 506.) Of the cranial capacity 

 Woodward gives the following estimate: 'The capacity of the 

 brain-case cannot, of com-se, be exactly determined; but 

 measurements both by millet seed and water show that it must 

 have been at least 1,070 cc, while a consideration of the miss- 

 ing parts suggests that it may have been a little more (note 

 the parsimoniousness of this concession!). It therefore agrees 

 closely with the capacity of the Gibraltar skull, as determined 

 by Professor Keith, and equals that of the lowest skulls of the 

 existing Australians. It is much below the Mousterian skulls 

 from Spy and La Chapelle-aux-Saints." {Loc. cit., p. 505.) 



Where Doctor Woodward came to grief, however, was in his 

 failure to discern the obvious disproportion between the mis- 

 mated cranium and mandible. As a matter of fact, the man- 

 dible is older than the skull and belongs to a fossil ape, whereas 

 the cranium is more recent and is conspicuously human. 

 Woodward, however, was blissfully unconscious of this 

 mesalliance. What there is of the lower jaw, he assures us, 

 "shows the same mineralized condition as the skull" and "cor- 

 responds sufficiently well in size to be referred to the same 

 individual without any hesitation." {Loc. cit., p. 506.) 



For this he was roundly taken to task by Prof. David Water- 

 ston in an address delivered by the latter before the London 

 Geological Society, Dec, 1912. Nature, the English scientific 

 weekly, reports this criticism as follows: "To refer the man- 

 dible and the cranium to the same individual would be equiva- 

 lent to articulating a chimpanzee foot with the bones of a 

 human thigh and leg." Prof. J. H. McGregor of Columbia, 

 though he followed Woodward in modeling the head of Eoan- 

 thropus now exhibited in "The Hall of the Age of Man," told 

 the writer that he believed the jaw and the skull to be mis- 

 fits. Recently, Hrdlicka has come out strongly for the sepa- 

 ration of the mandible from the cranium, insisting that 

 the former is older and on the order of the jaw of the 



