THE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN BODY 333 



skull according to the formulae of Manouvrier, of Lee, and of 

 Beddoe, obtaining results that varied between 1,570 and 1,750 

 cubic centimeters. By the use of millet and of shot an average 

 capacity of 1,626 was obtained. Judging from these figures 

 the capacity of the crania of Neanderthal and Spy has been 

 imderestimated by Schaaffhausen, Huxley, and Schwalbe. By 

 its cranial capacity, therefore, the Neanderthal race belongs 

 easily in the class of Homo sapiens. But we must distinguish 

 between relative capacity and absolute capacity. In modern 

 man, where the transverse and antero-posterior diameters are 

 the same as in the skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, the vertical 

 diameter would be much greater, which would increase the 

 capacity to 1,800 cubic centimeters and even to 1,900 cubic 

 centimeters. Such voluminous modern crania are very rare. 

 Thus Bismarck, with horizontal cranial diameters scarcely 

 greater than in the man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, is said to 

 have had a cranial capacity of 1,965 cubic centimeters." 

 (Smithson. Inst. Rpt. for 1909, p. 575.) 



As for the structural features which are alleged to con- 

 stitute a specific difference between the Neanderthal type and 

 modem man, v.g. the prominent brow ridges, prognathism, 

 retreating forehead, receding chin, etc., all of these occur, 

 albeit in a lesser degree, in modern Australian blacks, who are 

 universally acknowledged to belong to the species Homo 

 sapiens. Moreover, there is much fluctuation, as Kramberger 

 has shown from the examination of an enormous number of 

 modern and fossil skulls, in both the Neanderthal and the 

 modern type; that is to say, Neanderthaloid features occur in 

 modern skulls and, conversely, modern features occur in the 

 skulls of Homo neanderthalends (cf. "Biolog. Zentralblatt," 

 1905, p. 810; and Wasmann's "Modern Biology," Eng. ed., 

 pp. 4:12, ^IZ). 



All the differences between modem and palaeolithic man are 

 explicable, partly upon the basis of acquired adaptation, inas- 

 much as the primitive mode of life pursued by the latter 

 entailed the formation of body-modifying habits very different 



