334 THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION 



from our present customs and habits (viz. those of our modern 

 civilized life). But these modifications, not being inheritable, 

 passed away with the passing of the habits that gave rise to 

 them. In part, however, the differences may be due to herit- 

 able mutations, which gave rise to new races or varieties 

 or subspecies, such as Indo-Europeans, Mongolians, and 

 Negroes. And, if the evolutionary palaeontologist insists 

 on magnifying characters that are well within the 

 scope of mere factorial mutation into a specific differ- 

 ence, we shall reply, with Bateson and Morgan, by deny- 

 ing his competence to pronounce on taxonomic questions, 

 without consulting the verdict of the geneticist. Without 

 breeding tests, the criterions of intersterility and longevity can- 

 not be applied, and breeding tests are impossible in the case 

 of fossils. As for an a priori verdict, no modern geneticist, if 

 called upon to give his opinion, would concede that the dif- 

 ferences which divide the modern and the Neanderthal types 

 of men exceed the limits of factorial mutations, or of natural 

 varieties within the same species. Here, then, it is a case 

 of the wish being father to the thought. So anxious are the 

 materialistic evolutionists to secure evidence of a connection 

 between man and the brute, that no pretext is too insignificant 

 to serve as warrant for recognizing an ''intermediate species." 

 Even waiving this point, however, there is no evidence at 

 all that the Neanderthal type is ancestral to the Cro-Magnon 

 type. Both of these races must have migrated into Europe 

 from the east or the south, and we have no proof whatever 

 of genetic relationship between them. True, attempts have 

 been made to capitalize the fact that the Neanderthal race 

 was represented by specimens discovered in what were alleged 

 to be the older deposits of the Glacial epoch, but we have 

 seen that the evidences of antiquity are very precarious in the 

 case of these Neanderthaloid skeletons. Time-scales based on 

 extinct species and characteristic stone implements, etc., are 

 always satisfactory to evolutionists, because they can date 

 their fossils and archaeological cultures according to the theory 



