342 THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION 



flint instruments partly burned with fire, found near the little 

 hamlet of Foxhall, near Norwich, on the east coast of England. 

 These flints, discovered in 1921, constitute the first proofs that 

 man of sufficient intelligence to make a variety of flint imple- 

 ments and to use fire existed in Britain at the close of the Age 

 of Mammals; this is the first true Tertiary man ever found." 

 (Osborn: Guide-leaflet to "The Hall of the Age of Man," 

 2nd ed., 1923, p. 9.) Osborn assigns the twelve kinds of flint 

 instruments typical of the Foxhallian culture to the Upper 

 Pliocene epoch. R. A. Macalister, however, denies that the de- 

 posits are Tertiary. Abbe Henri Breuil's verdict was undecided. 

 In any case, the Foxhallian culture proves that the earliest 

 of prehistoric men were intelligent like ourselves. 



Summa summarum: So far as science knows, only one 

 human species has ever existed on the earth, and that is 

 Homo sapiens. All the alleged connecting links between men 

 and apes are found, on careful examination, to be illusory. 

 When not wholly ambiguous in view of their inadequate pres- 

 ervation and fragmentary character, they are (as regards 

 both mind and body) distinctly human, like the Neanderthal 

 man, or they are purely simian, like the Pithecanthropus, or 

 they are heterogeneous combinations of human and simian 

 bones, like the Eoanthropus Dawsoni.* "With absolute cer- 

 tainty," says Hugues Obermaier, "we can only say that man 

 of the Quaternary period differed in no essential respect from 

 man of the present day. In no way did he go beyond the 

 limits of variation of the normal human body." ("The Oldest 

 Remains of the Human Body, etc.," Vienna, 1905.) The so- 

 called Homo primigenius, therefore, is not a distinct species 

 of human being, but merely an ancient race that is, at most, 

 a distinct variety or subspecies of man. In spite of tireless 

 searching, no traces of a bestial, irrational man have been 

 discovered. Indeed, man whom nature has left naked, de- 

 fenseless, imarmed with natural weapons, and deficient in 

 instinct, has no other resource than his reason and could never 

 have survived without it. To imagine primitive man in a 



♦See Addenda. 



