METABOLISM OF MICROORGANISMS 



385 



8. Name the direct precursor of each of tlie following intermediates in glucose 

 fermentation by yeast: (1) fructose 1,6-diphosphate, (2) 3-phosphoglyceric acid, (3) 

 carbon dioxide, (4) fructose-6-phosphate. 



9. What products would you expect from the fermentation of 5-ketogluconic 

 acid by a lactic organism? 



10. If carbons 1 and 2 in glucose are labeled, where would you expect them to 

 appear in the products from (1) a yeast fermentation, (2) a heterolactic fermenta- 

 tion? Explain answer. 



11. In the production of baker's yeast, sugar is added slowly to the medium during 

 fermentation, while in production of alcohol by yeast it is all added at the beginning. 

 Why the difference in procedure? 



12. Write out structural formulas for all the assumed intermediates in the fer- 

 mentation of glucose by heterolactic bacteria. 



13. Compile a list of references to original papers dealing with the direct oxida- 

 tion (hexose monophosphate shunt) of glucose by microbial and animal cells. 



14. Name some of the chemical and physiological characteristics of bacterial poly- 

 saccharides. 



15. Compile a table of all the commercial antibiotics, giving the name, formula, 

 and microorganism producing each and two infectious organisms against which it 

 acts. 



REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS 



Annual Review of Biochemistry, Vol. 11 to date, Annual Reviews Inc., Stanford, 



California. 

 Animal Review of Microbiology, Vol. 1 to date, Annual Reviews Inc., Stanford, 



California. 

 Baron, A. E., Handbook of Antibiotics, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1950. 

 Evans, T. H. and Hibbert, H., "Bacterial Polysaccharides," Advances in Carbohydrate 



Chemistry, 2, 204 (1946). 

 Gale, E. F., The Chemical Activities of Bacteria, 2nd ed.. Academic Press Inc., New 



York, 1951. 

 McElroy, W. D. and Glass, B., Phosphorus Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins Press, 



Baltimore, 1951. 

 Park, J. T., "Isolation and Structure of the Uridine-5'-Pyrophosphate Derivatives 



which Accumulate in Staphylococcus aureus when Grown in the Presence of 



Penicillin," Symposium on Mode of Action of Antibiotics, Second International 



Congress of Biochemistiy, Paris, 1952. 

 Pratt, R. and Dufrenoy, J., Antibiotics, J. B. Lippincott and Company, Philadelphia, 



1949. 

 Prescott, S. C. and Dunn, C. G., Industrial Microbiology, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book 



Company, Inc., New York, 1949. 

 Raistrick, H., "A Region of Biosynthesis," Proc. Roy. Soc, A, London, 199, 141 



(1949). 

 Schatz, A., Bugie, E., and Waksman, S. A., "Streptomycin, a Substance Exhibiting 



Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria," Proc. 



Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 55, 66 (1944). 

 Stephenson, M., Bacterial Metabolism, 3rd ed., Longmans, Green and Company, 



New York, 1949. 

 Stephens, C. R., Conover, L, H., Hochstein, F. A., Regna, P. P., Pilgrim, F. J., 



