430 



BIOLOGICAL ENERGETICS 



be provided by the alcohol in a glass of beer (assume 250 ml. per glass and 4 per 

 cent alcohol in the beer) ? 



3. What is meant by a high energy phosphate bond? Name three substances that 

 contain high energy and three that contain low energy phosphate bonds. 



4. Which type of energy is used as the immediate source of energy for performing 

 biological processes of various kinds? How docs the animal body differ from a 

 heat engine in its functioning? 



5. List two reactions of glycolysis in which ~P bonds are formed. Which parts 

 of the aerobic oxidation process in the body are probably mainly responsible for the 

 liberation of energy and the formation of ~P bonds? 



6. What is the Lohmann reaction? Explain the importance of this reaction for 

 muscle contraction. 



7. What is free energy, and how is it related to the heat of a chemical reaction? 

 What is the relation between the free energy change of a reaction and the extent 

 to which the reaction proceeds. 



8. Define basal metabolism, and explain the general relationship between the basal 

 metabolic rates of various animals. 



9. What is there about the chemical nature of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, 

 and about the way they are metabolized in the body, which accounts for the differ- 

 ence in their phj'siological energy values? 



10. Calculate the number of calories provided by a light lunch consisting of a 

 glass of milk (250 ml.) and a sandwich made up of the following ingredients: 



white bread 56.2 g. 



lettuce 32.7 g. 



butter 8.0 g. 



oil dressing 2.1 g. 



American cheese 50.7 g. 



n. About how far could a person run by using the energy from the lunch itemized 

 in Question 10? 



12. What is the respiratory quotient? Is it possible to have an R.Q. greater than 

 1.0? Explain. 



REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS 



Avison, A. W. D. and Hawkins, J. D., "The Role of Phosphoric Esters in Biological 



Reactions," Quart. Ret). Chem. Soc. London, 5, 171 (1951). 

 Baldwin, E., Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry , 2nd ed.. The University Press, Cam- 

 bridge, 1952. 

 Brody, S., Bioenergetics and Groivfh, Chapters 6, 12, 13, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 



New York, 1945. 

 Bull, H. B., Physical Biochemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 



1951. 

 Daniels, F., Outlines of Physical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 



1948. ^, 



Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, "Recommended Daily Dietary Ip' 



Allowances," revised 1948, Nutrition Rev., 6, 319 (1948). 

 Glasstone, S., Thermodynamics for Chemists, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 



1947. 

 Johnson, M. J., Chapters 3 and 12 in Respiratory Enzymes, ed. by H. A. Lardy, 



Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, 1949. 

 Lehninger, A. L. and Smith, S. W., "Efficiency of Phosphorylation Coupled to Electron 



