THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 203 



resembles that of some large variety of gibbon. The absolute 

 certainty that these remains are human is based on the form of the 

 teeth — molars, premolars, canines, and incisors in form, show no 

 trace of being intermediate between man and the anthropoid apes, 

 but rather of being derived from some older common ancestor. 

 The teeth, however, are somewhat small for the jaw; the size of 

 the border would allow for the development of much larger teeth; 

 we can only conclude that no great strain was put on the teeth, and 

 therefore the powerful development of the bones of the jaw was not 

 designed for their benefit. The conclusion is that the jaw, regarded 

 as unquestionably human from the nature of the teeth, ranks not 

 far from the point of separation between man and the anthropoid 

 apes. In comparison with the jaws of Neanderthal races, as found 

 at Spy, in Belgium, and at Krapina, in Croatia, we may consider 

 the Heidelberg jaw as pre-Neanderthaloid; it is, in fact, a gener- 

 alized type." The race probably lived between the second and 

 third glacial stages, i.e., during the second interglacial stage, 



Piltdown Man. Eoanthropus dawsoni, the Piltdown man, may 

 have been contemporaneous with the Heidelberg man but prob- 

 ably Hved later. The remains 

 were found near Piltdown, 

 Sussex, in a gravel pit, and in- 

 cluded enough fragments of a 

 skull to make possible its recon- 

 struction, half of a jaw, nasal 

 bones, and a canine tooth (Fig. 

 117). The jaw has been inter- 

 preted as of a species of primate 

 lower than primitive man, but 



the later discovery of additional 



, , 1 • 1 .1 X Fig. 117.— Skull of Piltdown man, 



bones shows conclusively that Homo (Eoanlhropus) dawsoni. (From 



it belonged with the skull. Such Lull, modified after Woodward.) 



ape-like characters as the jaw 



displays may therefore be regarded as proof of the primitive 



nature of the species. The remains are generally assigned to the 



third interglacial stage, with an estimated age of 100,000 to 



150,000 years. 



The Piltdown race coml)ined both primitive and fairly advanced 

 characters. The jaw is distinctly ape-like, as shown by the single 

 canine tooth and the mandible, yet the brows lack such prominent 



