204 



EVOLUTION AND GENETICS 



Neanderthal 

 man 



Heidelberg 

 man 



ridges as are found in the apes and most prehuman species. Even 

 the Neanderthal race had much more prominent supraorbital 

 ridges. The cranial capacity was probably 1100 c.c. or slightly 

 less, in contrast with a range of approximately 1200 to 1500 c.c. in 

 modern races. 



Interpretations of this species vary greatly. It has been sup- 

 posed that Piltdown man represents an ancestor of the Heidelberg 

 and Neanderthal races, which must then be looked upon as de- 

 generate. On the other hand, Osborn interprets the race as a 

 side branch, while still other scientists look upon it as ancestral in 

 varying relationships to other forms. There seems to be no ade- 

 quate reason for interpreting the race as ancestral to Neanderthal 

 man, but the development of the brows points rather definitely 



Modern man ^^ ^^^^ ^ relationship to Ho7no 

 sapiens. It is therefore highly 

 probable that Eoafithropus di- 

 verged from a remote ancestral 

 stage of modern man, and that 

 it is derived from the same Hne 

 as Homo neanderthalensis, of 

 which the Heidelberg race is 

 supposed to be ancestral (Fig. 

 118). 



A most interesting circum- 

 stance regarding the Piltdown 

 race is the association with it 

 of crude chipped flints, which 

 indicate a very primitive cul- 

 ture. The reader should con- 

 sult Osborn's Men of the Old 

 antri^id anSL Stone Age for an account of the 

 Fio. n8.-Diagram showing the ap- development of primitive Indus- 

 proximate relationships of the chief try and art. 



fossil species of man, modern man, Neanderthal Man. The Nean- 

 and the modern apes. ^^^^^^j ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^^y ■^^^^_ 



cated, is represented by numerous skeletons from various localities 

 in Europe. These people Uved after the third interglacial stage, and 

 are looked upon by some scientists as degenerate. The skull is char- 

 acterized by large orbits and heavy, prominent supraorl:»ital ridges 

 (Fig. 119). The cranial capacity varies, quite naturally, but is in 



Modem 

 apes 



