THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



205 



most cases estimated as well above the minimum of Homo sapiens 

 and in some well above the average for modern man. The lower 

 jaw was powerful, but less so than that of Heidelberg man. There 

 was no chin. 



Other parts of the skeletons show that the race varied in height 

 from a little less than five feet to over five and one-half. The chest 



Fig. 119. — Skull of Neanderthal man, Homo 

 neanderthalensis, from Chapelle-aux-Saints. 

 (From Lull, after Boule.) 



was large, the shoulders and arms were power- 

 ful, and the hands large. The thigh bones 

 are curved in such a way that the race could 

 not have been fully erect, a conclusion which 

 is borne out by the absence of a cervical 

 curvature of the spine and by the form of 

 the knee joint (Figs. 120 and 115B). 



The Neanderthals were cave dwellers. Their 

 bones have been found associated with worked 

 flints, bones of animals, and evidences of the 

 use of fire. Skeletons have been found which 

 indicated formal burial. 



All known facts indicate that the Neander- 

 thal race was human. While they were very primitive both in 

 anatomy and in mental development, they had, no doubt, the 

 power of articulate speech. Their burial customs indicate 

 reverence for the dead, and therefore probably belief in some form 

 of future existence. These things can hardly have failed to 



Fig. 120.— Skeleton 

 of Neanderthal 

 man. (From Lull.) 



