THE NEW EVOLUTION 



the same, or practically the same, throughout their 

 range, but there are several or many different types 

 of females which differ widely in their color and often 

 also in their wing form. In the same species some of 

 these female types will have an extensive range, while 

 the range of others is very limited. In the two 

 best known of these Asiatic butterflies both sexes are 

 alike and constant in the northernmost portions of 

 their range. 



In a common African swallowtail there is a single 

 type of male showing slight local variations, but 

 there are more than thirty more or less widely different 

 types of females nearly all of them lacking tails and 

 showing no resemblance to the males. Some of these 

 are very local, while others are widespread. In 

 parts of Abyssinia females have been found with tails, 

 though colored like other females. In Madagascar 

 the females are like the males both in color and in 

 wing form. 



In one of the commonest South American swallow- 

 tails the males are everywhere the same, but the 

 females are divisible into three well marked local 

 races. In this butterfly the males are to be looked for 

 in damp woods, while the females fly in more open 

 places. The same sex difference in habits is found in 

 other South American swallowtails, and in other 

 butterflies elsewhere. It is characteristic of at least 

 one of our common eastern skippers. 



Diversity of females while the males remain the 

 same is by no means confined to butterflies. It is even 

 more strikingly seen in the ants, bees and wasps with 



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