FEEDS 411 



Cereals arc poor sources of most o[ the vitamins. Yellow corn docs 

 supply apjjrcciable tjuantities ol the pro-vitamin A. (hyptoxanthine 

 and vitamin E are present in lair amounts. The remaining vitamins 

 must be obtained from other sources. 



In addition to the whole grains, factory by-products such as brans, 

 middlings, gluten feeds, and distiller's grains are sold as ration in- 

 gredients. The compositions of some representative products are 

 shown in Table 16-2. These by-products are better protein sources 



TABLE 16-2. Per Cent Composition of Some Cereal By-products 



Dry Crude Crude Crude N-free 



Feeding Stuff Matter Ash Protein Fiber Lipide Extract 



than the original grains but are lower in carbohydrates (N.F.E.). Be- 

 cause of the higher protein content, these grain by-products are used 

 frequently as protein supplements. The protein quality does not 

 equal that of the oil seeds or animal products but is satisfactory for 

 the feeding of rimiinants. The nitrogen-free extract contains greater 

 quantities of pentosans and lower quantities of starch than do the 

 cereals. 



Additional by-products not listed in Table 16-2 but sold as cattle 

 feed include oat-mill and clipped oats by-products. Oat-mill feed 

 includes the hull and fragments of the kernels. It has a feeding value 

 of about 30 to 40 per cent that of corn. Oat clippings have a higher 

 feed value. They are used chiefly as an ingredient in mixed feeds. 



Meals from the Oil-seed Industry 



Cottonseed, flaxseed, and soybeans are three important oil-contain- 

 ing seeds used in livestock feeding. Peanuts, coconuts, safflower, and 

 sunflower seeds are available in lesser quantities in the United States, 

 although in certain areas of the world each one functions as a major 

 source of oil-seed meal. As a rule oil seeds are seldom fed before ex- 

 traction because of their high content of oil and in some cases their 

 high fiber content. The oils are removed by pressure or extraction, 

 and the by-products are sold in the form of cake, meal, or pellets for 



