ENERGY 



509 



TABLE 21—8. Conditions Altering the Basal Metabolism of Human Beings 

 from the Normal for Given Sex, Age, and Body Area 



Depressing 



Elevating 



Sleep 



Malnutrition including starvation 



Hypothyroidism 



Pituitary deficiencies 



Addison's disease 



Anesthetics and certain other drugs 



Tropical climates 



Adaptation to strenuous daily activity 



Pregnancy (latter half) 



Hyperthyroidism 



Fever 



Leukemia 



Stimulatory drugs like caffeine, 



epinephrine, benzedrine 

 Frigid environments 



metabolic rate are classified qualitatively in Table 21-8. From these 

 lists the diagnostic usefulness ot such metabolic studies becomes clear 

 in the identification of certain pathological states. A number of 

 less-well-known diseases also raise or depress the basal metabolic rate. 



Muscular Activity 



The biochemical processes of movement require energy which is 

 taken in the form of chemical energy from the diet. Making the 

 somewhat inexact assumption that changes in free energy and heat 

 content are equal, the energy for muscular activity is added to that 

 lost as heat in arriving at the total energy of metabolism. Table 21-9 



TABLE 21—9. Muscular Activity and the Energy Expenditure of Men 



Energy Requirement, 

 Activity kcal./hr. 



contains estimates of the energy required by a man of about 70 kg. at 

 different levels of activity. The energy for sleeping and resting is con- 

 sumed in changing body position, for muscle tremors and twitches, 



