INDEX 



535 



Equilibrium, genetic, 348-349, 427-439, 



459 

 Equisetum, 164 

 Equus, 198, 199, 201. 202. 204, 205-206 



allometry in, see Allometry 



brain of, 203. 205 



limbs of, see Limbs 



skull of, 199 



See also Horse; Hyracotheriiim 

 Equus burchellii or quagi^a, 275 

 Era, see Geologic time scale 

 Erosion, 131- 1^32, 136 

 Eryops, 162 



Escherichia coli, 401, 451, 452 

 Eskimos. 251 



Ethological isolation, see Isolation, re- 

 productive 

 Euchirus longimanus. 406 

 Eurasia, animals of. 224-225, 264-265, 



268-269,271.280.375 

 Eurypterid, 137, 153-154, 156 

 Eustachian tube, 62, 76 

 Eusthenopteron, 158, 160, 161 

 Evolution, directive forces in, 496-500 



social, see Social evolution 

 Evolutionary change. 330-507 



rate of, 17. 293, 500-506; external 

 factors in, 501-502; internal factors 

 in, 500-501 



summary of, 494-496 

 Exogenous accommodation, sec Adapta- 

 tion, exogenous 

 Exoskeleton, 21 

 Eye, embryonic, 59, 60. 63 



lens of, experiments on, 344 



pineal, 165. 171 



in primates. 220 



of tarsier, 221 



See also Sight 

 Eye color, inheritance of. see Mendelian 



inheritance 

 Eyebrow ridges, 232, 234, 241 



of Cro-Magnon man, 245 



of Neanderthal man, 243 



of Pithecanthropus. 239 

 Eyelid, third, see Membrane, nictitating 



Family, 308-310 



Family tree, defined by Aristotle, 4-5 



defined by Lamarck, 5 



of horses, 204 



of proboscidea, 211 



of reptiles, 177 

 Fankhauser, G., 92, 105. 107 

 Fats, 80 



digestion and absorption of, 86 



formation of. 57 



manufacture of, 84-85 



Fauna, disharmonic, 283, 286, 289, 290, 

 291,490 



harmonic, 283 

 Faunal stratification, 261 

 Feathers, 187, 188 

 Fecundity, see Fertility 

 Felidae, see Cat 

 Felis, see Cat 

 Fern, seed, 155 



tree, 164 

 Fertility, 357 



factors affecting, 355, 401-402, 450, 

 473 



lack of, 418, 419, 473, 474, 475-476 



self, 418 



See also Genes; Hybridization; 

 Mutations 

 Fertilization, 472-473 



See also Fertility; Isolation, re- 

 productive 

 Fetus, human, 65, 66 

 Figs, 194 



Finback, see Dimetrodon 

 Finch, cactus ground, 294, 295 



ground, 294, 295, 356 



insectivorous tree, 295, 296 



vegetarian tree. 295 



warbler, 296, 297 



woodpecker, 294, 295, 296, 297 

 See also Darwin's finches 

 Fingers, see Limbs 

 Fish, aortic arches of. 61 



armored, see Dinichthxs; Ostracoderm 



blood vessels of. 6/. 62 



bony. 97-99, 100,416-417 



brains of, 32-33 



cartilaginous, 99, 100 



coelacanth, 157. 159, 160 



dominance of, 137, 155-159 



embryonic development of. 46 



excretion of ammonia by, 91-92 



fleshy-finned, see Sarcopterygii 



fresh-water, 97 



gills of, 60, 61 



heart of. 61 



jawless, see Ostracoderm 



lobe-finned, see Crossopterygii 



locomotor apparatus of, 56, 57 



muscular system of, 55, 56 



nostrils, external. 158-159 



osmotic regulation in, 97-100, 98 



ray-finned, see Actinopterygii 



reproductive rate of. 352 



respiratory mechanism of, 60-67 



salt-water, 97-99 



See also Chondrichthyes; Cros- 

 sopterygii; Osteichthyes; Placoderm 

 Fisher, J. R., 94, 107 



