544 



INDEX 



Natural selection (Continued) 



laboratory experiments in, 448-449, 

 454_469, 475-476, 477 



and mutations, see Mutations 



negative, 11,354,459,466 



positive, 11-12, 16-17, 354, 459, 469 



and protective coloration, 369-373 



rapidity of, 449, 464, 503-505 



in state of nature, 364-374 



See also Hybridization; Mutations 

 Nautiloid, 137, 152, 755, 173, 175-176 

 Nautilus, 151-152 



chambered, 151 



pearly, 154, 176 

 Neal, 159 



Neanderthal man, 224, 242-245, 243 

 Nectar feeding, 298-302, 488 

 Needham, J., 93, 107 

 Neural fold, 53-54 

 Neural plate, 53-54, 68 

 Neural tube, 54, 68 

 Neurospora, 85, 104, 401, 403 

 Neutral characteristics, see Nonadap- 



tive characteristics 

 New Zealand, animals of, 266 

 Newt, 92 



retinal pigments in, 105-106 

 See also Amphibians 

 Nigrelli, R. F., 107 

 Nitrate in plant nutrition, 84 

 Nitrogen, 79, 80, 81 



in precipitin test, 113 

 Nitrogenous wastes, disposal of, 91-94, 



97,99, 100 

 Nomenclature, 232 



binomial system of, 307-308 



trinomial system of, 320-321 

 Nonadaptive characteristics, 322, 417- 



418,486 

 Nondisjunction, 398, 399 

 Nordenskiold, E., 6 



Norm of reaction, see Reaction range 

 North America, animals of, 192, 213, 

 264-265, 266-267, 268-269, 271- 

 272 

 North pole, 268 



See also Circumpolar land mass 

 Nostrils, of Crossopterygii, 16, 158-159 



of elephant, 207-208 



of labyrinthodonts, 160 



of monkeys, 223 



of Sauropoda, 181 

 See also Nares 

 Notochord, 63, 68, 101, 311, 313 

 Numbers of living things, 352 



factors limiting, 352-353 

 Nutrition, animal, 85-87 



autotrophic, 84, 85 



Nutrition {Continued) 



heterotrophic, 84-87 



plant, 84-85, 90 



specialization in, 86 

 Nuttall, G. H. F., 115, 125 



Oakley, K. P., 140, 142 

 Occipital condyle, in amphibians and 

 reptiles, 170, 171 



in elephant, 209 

 Octopus, 151, 176 

 Oenothera lamarckiana, 337, 419 

 Old age, racial, see Senescence 

 Old Stone Age culture, 244, 245-246 

 Oligocene period. 112, 120, 137, 194, 

 202, 205, 210, 212, 223-224, 225, 

 266 

 Olson, E.G., 190, 192 

 Ontogenetic series, 408, 409 

 Ontogeny, 50, 408 

 Onychophoran, 148-149, 150 

 Oocyte, primary, 383, 384, 385 



secondary, 383, 384, 385, 398, 399 

 Oogenesis, see Meiosis, in female 

 Oogonium, 383, 384, 399 

 Oparin, A. I., 91, 107 

 Operculum, 174 

 Opossum, 192, 195,261,501 



brain of, 201,205 



embryonic development of, 46, 192 

 Orang-utan, 224, 225, 226 

 Order, 310 



Ordovician period, 137, 150-153 

 Oreopithecus, 224, 227-228, 236, 238 

 Organic evolution, 1-2 

 Ornithischia, 777, 179-184 

 Ornithopoda, 182 

 Ornithorhynchus, 262 

 Orthogenesis, 411, 499 

 Orthogenetic series, 41 1 

 Orthognathism, 231, 245 

 Orthoselection, 411 



Osborn, H. F., 3, 6, 196, 201, 202, 217 

 Osgood, W. H., 320, 328 

 Osmosis, 95-100, 156 

 Osmotic pressure, 96 

 Osteichthyes, 157-161 

 Ostracod, 137, 153 

 Ostracoderm, 100, 137, 153, 154, 155- 



156, 760 

 Ostrich, 423 

 Otter, 28 

 Ovary, 343 

 Overspecialization, see Specialization, 



dangers of 

 Overthrust, 132, 133 



Ovum, 45, 46, 332, 383, 384, 385, 387, 

 388, 398, 399, 400 



