552 



INDEX 



Therapsida (Continued) 



limbs of, 172 



skull of, see Skull 



teeth of, 171 

 Theropoda, 180-181 

 Thompson, D'Arcy W., 363, 415, 416, 



417,426 

 Thornbush, 288 

 Thumb, opposable, 220 



See also Limbs 

 Tiegs, O. W., 362 

 Tilton, G., 138, 142 

 Time-lapse movie, 140-141 

 Time scale, see Geologic time scale 

 Timofeeff-Ressovsky, N. W., 452, 453, 



454, 459, 483 

 Tissues, 81 

 Toad, 267, 373 



hybridization in, 476 



reproductive rate of, 352 

 See also Amphibians 

 Toes, see Limbs 



crooked, see Fowl, crooked toes in 

 Tools, bone, 235, 245 



flint, 244 



importance of in human evolution, 

 236, 255 



stone, 235, 237, 240, 245 



use of, by birds, 296, 297 



See also Social evolution 

 Tornaria, ]01 

 Tortoise, giant land, 288-289, 291 



See also Reptiles; Turtle 

 Towhee, collared, 480-4SI 



spotted, 480-4SI 

 Tradescantia, 478 



canaliculata, 478 



subaspera, 478 

 Translocation, 398 



reciprocal, 398, 399 

 Transportation, see Dispersal, means of 

 Tree, deciduous, 137, 164 



family, see Family tree 

 See also Plants 

 Triassic period, 137, 170, 178, 179, 189 

 Triceratops, 180, 184 

 Trilobite, 137, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 



155,756, 164, 166, 175 

 Triploid, 399, 400 



See also Polyploidy 

 Trisomic, 398, 399 

 Triturus, 92, 105-106 

 Trophoblast, 51, 52 

 Troughton, E., 263 

 Trout, 156 



Trunk, see Proboscis of proboscidea 

 Tuna, 156 

 Tunicates, 73, 74, 75, 101-102 



Turbellaria, 73 

 Turtle, 177 



excretion by, 93 



See also Reptiles; Tortoise 

 Tusk, of apes, 229 



of proboscidea, 207, 208, 209, 210, 

 211,212,213-214,216 

 Twins, "identical," 252, 331 

 Type specimen, 321 

 Tyrannosaurus, 750-181 



Uintatherium, 196 



Ultraviolet light inducing mutations, 339, 



451 

 Umbilical cord, 53, 59, 60, 63, 66, 191 

 Unconformities, 132 

 Ungulates, 195-196 



See also Artiodactyla; Perissodac- 



tyla 

 Uranium, dating by, 138 

 Urea, excretion of, 92-94, 99 



in osmotic regulation, 99 

 Uric acid as waste product, 92-94, 100, 



169 

 Urine, 92-93, 97, 98, 100 

 Uterus, 797 



Vaccination, 109 



Vagina, 797 



Vallois, H. v., 230, 242, 255, 257 



Variation, inheritable, see Mutations 



noninheritable, 354 



See also Adaptive radiation; Di- 

 versity; Drift, genetic 

 Varieties, see Race; Subspecies 

 Veins, of fishes, 62, 64 



of human embryo, 64 



of insect wings, 21 

 Ventricle, see Heart 

 Vertebral column, 56, 68 



of australopithecines, 233 



of gorilla, 230 



of Homo sapiens, 229, 230 



of thecodonts, 178 

 Vertebrata, see Vertebrates 

 Vertebrate-invertebrate relationships, 



biochemical evidence of, 100-103 

 Vertebrates, brains of, comparison of, 32 



first, 100, 137, 153 



limbs of, comparison of, 22, 23-26 



origin of, 101-103 



terrestrial, 15-17; first, 137, 155, 500 

 See also Animals 

 Vestiges, 40-44 



embryonic, 75 

 Viability, 357, 360, 396, 474-476, 477 



See also Genes; Hybridization; 

 Mutations 



