346 



PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY 



invaded western Europe in the warm period before the last of the great 

 Scandinavian glaciers. Many skulls and nearly complete skeletons have 

 been found in caves in a number of countries. These men were seldom 

 as tall as b}4, feet, but were powerfully built. The cranial capacity was 

 1300 to 1600 cc, brow ridges were heavy, chin usually receding (though 

 some had a small prominence). A restoration of Neanderthal man, with 

 two other types here described, is shown in Fig. 294. The measure- 

 ments of the skull are correct, but the thickness of the skin and under- 

 lying connective tissue at various places, and the amount of hair, can 

 only be conjectured. Well-designed flint tools (Fig. 295) were their 



main weapons, scarcely adequate 

 to kill the cave bear, * mammoth, 

 reindeer, and bison whose bones 

 are found in the caves, so they may 

 have used traps, pitfalls, and prob- 

 ably stones. Neanderthal men 

 were not good housekeepers, for 

 debris was allowed to accumulate. 

 To this untidy habit and their 

 burial customs we owe our very ex- 

 tensive knowledge of the anatomy 

 and culture of this early human 

 type. 



Toward the end of the last 

 glacial epoch (late Pleistocene) 

 Neanderthal man disappeared from 

 Europe and was followed by the 

 Cro-Magnon race. Probably it 

 was a forcible displacement. The 

 name Cro-Magnon comes from 

 the cave in which the earliest- 

 discovered skeletons of this type 

 were buried. From these individuals it would be said that Cro- 

 Magnon man was tall (6 feet or more), that his face was broad and flat 

 (from prominent cheekbones), that his forehead was high (hence he was 

 probably as intelligent as men of today), and that he was strongly built. 

 But men elsewhere in southern Europe, who must presumably be assigned 

 to any prevalent "type" of that time and region, were not all so tall, 

 often had protruding faces, and even sloping foreheads. Thus there 

 were tribes of Cro-Magnon man, just as there are tribes of American 

 Indians, who are at the same time still Indians. The burials of these 

 people wore evidently conducted ceremonially. Bodies were placed in 

 ai'tificial positions, or were shrouded in garments of shells, or were 



295. — Neiiiiderthal flints; point 

 scraper below. {From Hussey, 



Fig 

 above, 

 " Historical Geology.") 



