FOSSIL ANIMALS 



347 



painted, or community tombs were walled all around with certain bones, 

 as the shoulder blades and jaws of mammoths. Flint tools were brought 

 to perfection, but horn, bone, and ivory were also used for that purpose 

 as being more easily worked. Sewing was done with bone awl and 

 needle (Fig. 296). The bow and arrow had been invented, and these 

 with the spear, thrown from a short holder which remained in the hand, 

 were the principal weapons. Art had a considerable development, and 

 pictures of animals were cut (Fig. 297) or painted on the walls of caves. 



Fig. 296. — Cro-Magnon tools of bone; needle above, harpoon point below. 



These murals also indicate the existence of witch doctors whose bizarre 

 masks are there pictured, and of dome-shaped dwellings presumably 

 made of skins stretched over a framework of wood. 



Then new people began to appear from the East, from the plains of 

 Persia or farther north. These newcomers migrated north of the 

 Mediterranean, or south of it and across to southern Europe, or along 

 the sea itself to the Atlantic Ocean and thence to the British Isles. 

 They did not destroy the Cro-Magnons of southern Europe, but mixed 

 with them, or by-passed and surrounded 

 them. In southern France, elsewhere in 

 Europe, and in the Canary Islands there 

 are still people whose measurements are 

 nearly identical with the Cro-Magnons 

 of the first-found cave, and these are 

 believed to be practically unaltered 

 descendants of the Cro-Magnon race. 

 With the coming of this eastern tide 

 Cro-Magnon art declined, and the 

 implement worker's skill deteriorated. 

 But the Asiatic invaders had their 

 culture, which included weaving of nets and baskets and, far more 

 important, agriculture. In their Persian home they had learned to raise 

 plants and animals for food — a step which made possible a tremendous 

 increase in the number of people in a given area. 



Continued migration from Asia, and evolutionary developments 

 within Europe itself, led to the races and cultures that have succeeded 

 one another to the present time. Since the white people of North 

 America are the descendants of European immigrants, the history of 



Fig. 297. — Cro-Magnon engrav- 

 ing of the woolly mammoth on the 

 wall of a cave in France. 



