CREATION BY EVOLUTION 



panying illustration. In Madagascar and the Comoro 

 Islands the pattern of the females is very like that of the 

 males, and they also have tails. On the mainland of Africa, 

 however, male-like females are known only in Abyssinia. In 

 other parts of the continent the males are pale-yellow black- 

 marked butterflies with long tails, but the females are 

 entirely different, resembling quite different tailless butter- 

 flies that have an unpleasant taste and that bear conspicuous 

 "warning" patterns. The commonest of these mimicking 

 females is a black-and-white tailless form (4), and the 

 butterfly which it resembles and is therefore called its 

 "model" is represented in 5. 



Now the evolutionist felt confident that these tailless mim- 

 icking females were derived from females that had tails like 

 the males, and his confidence has received a three-fold verifi- 

 cation. 



The first verification was obtained about twelve years ago, 

 when Dr. W. A. Lamborn discovered that the female chrys- 

 alises have pockets for the tails, although no tails are devel- 

 oped within them. 



The second verification is found in the fact that under- 

 feeding the caterpillar or subjecting the chrysalis to cold may 

 result in the production of rudimentary wing-tails. 



The last and most convincing verification is provided by 

 the Abyssinian race of the swallowtail, in which the females 

 are generally male-like, but some comparatively rare females 

 have gained the mimetic pattern yet have not lost their tails. 

 An example is shown in 6. The right tail is well devel- 

 oped, although the left one has been torn off, perhaps as a 

 result of attack by some enemy. The specimen figured is one 

 of five — two in the Prague Museum, one in Lord Rothschild's 

 Museum at Tring, and two at Oxford, the second having 

 unfortunately lost both its tails. The figured specimen was 



[184] 



