CREATION BY EVOLUTION 



ness of the ordinarily care-free and irresponsible little 

 chimpanzee for ill or injured companions. In the Abreu 

 collection there was for a while opportunity to observe the 

 social relations of three individuals whose age certainly 

 was not above five years. In the same cage were a little 

 male and two females, one of the latter mortally ill. She 

 was so ill that much of the time she lay on the floor of the 

 cage in the sunlight, listless and apathetic. There was 

 excellent opportunity to observe the attitude of her lively 

 companions toward this helpless invalid. In all their bois- 

 terous play they scrupulously avoiding disturbing her, and, 

 in fact, seldom touched her as they climbed, jumped, or 

 ran about the cage. Now and then one or the other would 

 go to her and touch her gently or caress her; or again one 

 of them, fatigued or worsted in some game, would obviously 

 seek refuge and respite by going close to her. In this posi- 

 tion safety from disturbance was assured. A certain solici- 

 tude, sympathy, and pity, as well as almost human expression 

 of consideration were thus manifested by these little 

 creatures." 



Chimpanzees are eminently social animals and are quick 

 to resent an injury done to one of their number. (Fig. 4.) 

 When one of them is punished "the whole group," says 

 K5hler, "sets up a howl, as if with one voice." The excite- 

 ment thus expressed has nothing of fear in it, and the group 

 does not run away. On the contrary, they try to get to the 

 place of punishment, even If they are separated from it by 

 a railing. The lightest form of punishment, such as pulling 

 the ear of the offender or a playful pretence at punishment, 

 often stirred single members of a group to much more 

 decisive action. "It was, in particular," says Kohler, "little 

 weak Konsul, who would run up excitedly, and, in the way 

 little chimpanzees have of expressing their wishes, with a 



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