CONTENTS 



Preface 



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Chapter 1. Principles of Tracer Methodology 1 



Direct Movement of Organisms, Elements, and Compounds, 3. 

 Gross Rates of Movement, 5. Some Quantitative Aspects, 6: 

 Concept of Specific Activity, 7; Determination of Ion Movement under 

 Conditions of No Net Mass Transfer, 7; A Substitute for Difficult 

 Chemical Analysis, 8; Isotope Dilution, 10; The Kinetic Approach, 18. 

 Metabolic Pathways, 40: Biosynthesis, 44. Advantages of 

 Double Labeling, 44. Miscellaneous Applications, 47: Bio- 

 assays, 47; Steric Relations and Enzyme Action, 48; Radiocarbon 

 Dating, 49; Criteria for Blood Preservation, 50; Study of Rooting 

 Patterns, 50. 



Chapter 2. Basic Difficulties in Tracer Methodology 59 



Chemical Effects, 59. Radiochemical Purity, 61 : Extraneous 

 Elements, 61; Chemical State, 61; Radiocolloids, 62; Parent-Daughter 

 Relationships, 63; Detection of Radioactive Impurities, 64; Removal 

 or Elimination of Radioactive Impurities, 65. Radiation Effects, 

 66. Exchange Reactions, 71. Isotope Effects, 76. 



Chapter 3. Health Physics and Radiation Protection 83 



Nomenclature and Units, 84; External Hazards, 89; Internal Hazards, 

 96; Decontamination, 99; Waste Disposal, 101; Instrumentation for 

 Radiation Protection, 105. Summary and Suggested Working 

 Rules, 107. 



Chapter 4. Facilities and Handling of Radioisotopes with Animals and 



Plants 114 



Laboratory Design and Equipment, 114: General Features, 114; 

 Typical Floor Plans, 115; Specifications, 118; Hoods, 121; Isotope 

 Storage, 123; Laboratory Equipment, 125. Procedures with Ani- 

 mals, 126: The Small-animal Colony, 126; Metabolism and Collection 

 Methods for Farm Animals, 132; Administration of Radioisotopes to 



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