470 



RADIOISOTOPES IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE 



Double counting {see Double labeling; 

 Radioisotopes, mixtures assay) 



Double labeling, advantages, 44 

 with iron, 263 



with mercury and sodium, 269 

 with two isotopes of same element, 45 

 use of P" and S^* derivatives, 47 

 with yttrium and plutonium, 318 

 (See also Radioisotopes, mixtures as- 

 say) 



Drosophila, autoradiography of, 243, 350 

 Ba* in, 211 

 P32 in, 350 



Dry-ashing of samples, 162-163 

 Drying of samples, 159-160 

 Ducks, selenium in erythrocyte labeling, 

 295 



Effective half-life (see individual isotopes) 

 Efficiency (counters), 431-432 

 Electrometer, 432 

 Electron, 432 



Electron volt (ev), definition, 84, 432 

 Electrophoresis, 373-375 

 Electroplating, of cobalt, 240 

 of gold, 249 

 of iron, 262 

 of nickel, 273-274 

 for sample preparation, 171 

 Electroscope, 432 

 Electrostatic generator, 432 

 Element, 1, 432 

 Elementary particle, 432 

 Elements, forming radiocolloids, 62 



for radioactivation analysis, 417-418 

 Embryos, autoradiography of, 351-352 

 chick, Ca" autoradiogram, 356 

 copper-64 studies, 243 

 phosphorus-32 studies, 279 

 thallium-204 studies, 313 

 iodine-131 studies, 257 

 rat, S^^ in, 351 

 Emulsion, nuclear, 432 

 Emulsions for autoradiography, 325-327 

 Endogenous fecal calcium, 15, 219 

 Endogenous fecal phosphorus, 14, 279 

 Endosteum, Ca^^ deposition in, 342-343 



definition, 432 

 Endothelium, 432 

 Energy, of beta particles, 85 



of radiation {see individual isotopes) 

 of radiation units, 84 

 Enriched material, 432 

 Entomological studies, 3 

 Enzymes, steric relations of, 48-49 

 Epilation, 432 

 Epiphysis, 432 



Epiphysis, C'a^-^ deposition in, 343 

 Epithelium, 432 



Equations, for accumulation in one 

 phase, 23-25 

 for Ca removal from plasma, 36 

 for CI removal from plasma, 36 

 for composite curves, 20-23 

 for counting error, 173 

 for dissociation constants, 406 

 for double counting, 190 

 for double labeling, 45-46 

 for endogenous loss estimation, 15 

 for exchange reactions, 71-72 

 for first-order reactions, 18-19 

 for fraction removed from one phase, 



20-21 

 gamma-ray absorption, 86, 93 

 general kinetic, 38 

 for half- value time (half-life), 19-22 

 for isotope dilution, 16-17 

 for isotope effects, 77-78 

 for lymph-space estimation, 11 

 for mercury-diuretic removal from 



plasma, 36 

 millicuries to milliroentgens, 93 

 for radioactivation analysis, 414 

 for radioactive decay, 19-20 / 



for radioisotope mixture assay, 190 

 to represent photosynthesis, 40-41 

 for reversible exchange (more than 



one compartment), 33-37 

 for self-absorption, 178-179 

 for simple turnover, 27-28 

 for sodium removal from plasma, 36 

 for soil A value, 13 

 for turnover, 28-31 

 for turnover determination, 37 

 for volume determination, 10 

 for yttrium removal from plasma, 36 

 Equilibrium, radioactive, 439 

 secular, 63 

 transient, 63 



(*See also Parent-daughter relation- 

 ships) 

 Equipment, for autoradiography, 325 

 for ion exchange, 391-393 

 for paper chromatography, 362-366 

 for radioisotope laboratories, 125 

 {See also Instrumentation) 

 Erg per gram, unit of radiation dose, 88 

 Error counting statistics, 172 

 Erythema, 432 



Erythrocytes, carbon 14 estimation in, 

 224 

 definition, 432 

 gold in, 423 



labeled with radioisotopes, 11, 237, 

 295 



