24 MAN THE ANIMAL 



B. By directly transforming inorganic material into their 

 own living substance, with or without the aid of energy derived 

 from sunlight, or from complex chemical processes. This is, in 

 general the plant way of getting a living. Most animals, in- 

 cluding man, have no natural talents or facilities for getting 

 a living this second way. 



Now man has added to these two basic methods a great variety 

 of other ways of getting a living, which however may all be 

 brought together under a single broad category: 



C. By doing things, or making things, that can be traded 

 with other men for things necessary for living. 



It was a momentous day in evolutionary history when this 

 mode of getting a living was hit upon. Commerce and industry 

 were then and there engendered. The "economic man" was 

 born, and also the slave; not to speak of policemen and 

 politicians. 



Biologically the two most important consequences of so 

 widely expanding the effective ways of getting a living were: 

 first, that great numbers of persons were individually able to 

 survive who would not have been capable of doing so by the 

 old method Aj and, second, that a much greater total popula- 

 tion could support itself on the earth than had before been the 

 case. To see how these results came about it will be necessary 

 to look a little more in detail into the specific techniques by 

 which mankind has gone about getting its living. The primary 

 and dominant business of life is getting a living and its modes 

 have determined the type patterns of culture back through the 

 whole history of human kind. There have been four such broad 

 culture types or stages : the hunting type, the pastoral type, the 

 agricultural type, and the industrial-commercial-service type. 



In the pure hunting type of culture mankind lives by direct 

 and never-ending predacity upon other animals and to a lesser 

 and more seasonally limited extent upon plants. This mode of 

 life achieves only a very low degree of what we call economic 

 security in present day language, and that little at the expense 

 of a maximum of physical labor. It requires large areas of terri- 



