THE UNIQUE MAMMAL 25 



tory per unit of population. Or conversely expressed this type 

 of culture will support only very low densities of human popu- 

 tion. Further it demands a high degree of nomadism, or in 

 other words a small arnount of domesticity in the sense of fixed 

 permanent abode. When the supply of game animals of a 

 region has been depleted by persistent hunting the hunter and 

 his family are compelled by necessity to move on to new regions. 

 Finally hunting is a mode of life not conducive to the de- 

 velopment of social organization beyond the level of the biologi- 

 cal family. In essence it is a system of individual exploitation of 

 natural biological resources, with little or no element of con- 

 servation or economic safeguarding of the future through the 

 exercise of thrift and the consequent building up of capital re- 

 serves against a potentially difficult future time. 



The fastoral tyfe of culture represents in nearly all respects 

 an advance beyond the hunting stage. Its philosophy rests funda- 

 mentally on the idea of domesticating in some degree particular 

 sorts of animals on which it is the intention to prey, so that the 

 supply may to that extent be controlled and conserved. Further- 

 more it separates the plant predation one step away from man 

 himself by having the domesticated, or partly domesticated, 

 animals that the humans in this culture stage propose to live off 

 gather in the plant resources and process them for human use. 

 The pastoral mode of life achieves a definitely higher degree of 

 economic security than the hunting, and demands in doing this 

 a distinctly smaller output of human energy in the form of 

 physical labor. Like the hunting way of living it requires large 

 territorial areas and can support only low densities of human 

 population, though in this respect it again operates, on the 

 average, at a somewhat higher level than the hunting type. It 

 requires a considerable degree of nomadism, but not to the 

 same extent as the hunting stage. Under the pastoral culture 

 plan the migrations tend to be seasonal and within rather definite 

 and fixed geographical limits — back and forth between good 

 grazing territories in short. But there can be nothing like real 

 permanence of abode. As Gibbon said: "The camp and not the 



