THE UNIQUE MAMMAL 27 



location makes it possible to use extrahuman sources of power 

 much more effectively to do necessary work. Its areal require- 

 ments are smaller, and consequently population and population 

 density per unit area can increase. It encourages domesticity and 

 takes away the necessity for nomadism, and in so doing satisfies 

 the human trait of "stay-at-homeness" that is deeply rooted in 

 man's mammalian ancestry. The very vast majority of all human 

 beings live and die near to the spot where they were born. The 

 1931 census of India showed that of more than 350 million 

 people enumerated by birth place fewer than one million were 

 living elsewhere (Wattal, The Population Problem of Indiay 

 p. 123, 1935). The same thing in principle is undoubtedly also 

 true of mammals generally. Among them there appears to be 

 a strong sense of home territory. Eraser Darling {A Herd of 

 Red Deery 1937) while emphasizing the meagerness of present 

 knowledge of the subject, and the crying need for Intensive 

 research, ventures the following Interesting and pertinent gen- 

 eralizations from his field studies of the red deer in Scotland 

 (pp. 30, 3 1 ) : "Range, then, is determined physiologically more 

 than psychologically; territory psychologically as much as, or 

 more than, physiologically. There are two great classes of terri- 

 torial animals — hunters and grazers — and this division is of 

 greater significance to the observer of animal behaviour than in 

 zoological classification. The hunting pack is comparable with 

 a capitalist organization having a fair measure of state control. 

 Territory is guarded jealously and fighting follows intrusion. 

 Size of territory is governed largely by the density of numbers 

 of the animals hunted. The limited degree of gregariousness and 

 co-operation is for the purpose of hunting rather than being 

 familial In origin. In fact, many hunting animals show no 

 sociality beyond the single family. The hunting animal which 

 Invades another's territory goes in fear of his own kind and is 

 ready to run or fight. The grazing herd, on the other hand, 

 shows a state comparable with the City of the Laws of Plato: 

 Communallty and disciplined orderliness which need but little 

 discipline. Environmental conditions being equal, territories are 



