32 MAN THE ANIMAL 



about psychology and behavior, than to examine the contrast 

 between Wundt's outlooks and attitudes towards his subject and 

 those that prevail generally now. To be sure this change is 

 not wholly attributable to Freud's influence, but a large part of 

 it directly or indirectly is. As Hall said, Wundt had "little use 

 for the unconscious or the abnormal, and for the most part he 

 . . . lived and wrought in a pre-evolutionary age and always and 

 everywhere underestimated the genetic standpoint. ... It is 

 rather precisely just the topics that Wundt neglected that Freud 

 makes his chief corner stones, viz., the unconscious, the ab- 

 normal, sex, and affectivity generally, with many genetic, espe- 

 cially ontogenetic, but also phylogenetic factors. The Wundtian 

 influence has been great in the past, while Freud has a great 

 present and a yet greater future." As events turned out this last 

 statement was an extraordinarily good brand of professional 

 prophecy. 



Modern psychobiology rests firmly upon an evolutionary, 

 phylogenetic base. Indeed it would become largely devoid of 

 philosophical meaning or sense if that base were shorn away 

 from under it. This is apparent from the formulation of the 

 attitudes and objectives of psychobiology in relation to psy- 

 chiatry set forth by the distinguished leader in the field. Dr. 

 Adolf Meyer {Contributions Dedicated to Dr. Adolf Meyery 

 etc., edited by S. Katzenelbogen, 1938): "We [have] come 

 to find ourselves in harmony with the concept of the individual 

 as obtained by individuation and organization, as a biological 

 entity with vegetative osmotic functions; next also with motor 

 functions and, further, with segregation of motor and sensory 

 functions, which, however, were found to have culminated in 

 the total-action of the individual presenting symbolization proc- 

 esses and thereby 'more or less consciousness'; that is to say, 

 performance studied as a unitary problem first (such as the 

 fertilized egg-cell), and then secondary subdivisions and differ- 

 entiations in the process of growth and assimilation and metabo- 

 lism; these secondary subdivisions might not be only the 

 subdivisions of what we cultivate in anatomy and physiology, but 

 subdivisions that have their own working principles, those de- 



