no MAN THE ANIMAL 



corresponding to our concept of leadership. There the social 

 group itself as a whole constitutes a biological unit. Each indi- 

 vidual in the group lives its life and makes its contribution to 

 the communal welfare and interests, not because it is told to do 

 so by a leader, or by the community as a whole in town-meeting 

 assembled, but because, and only because, it is its innate, entailed 

 biological nature so to do. The community is made up of castes 

 that are differentiated structurally, functionally, and behavior- 

 istically to do certain things in the common interest. Being so 

 differentiated they do these things automatically, skilfully, and 

 unfailingly j without yearnings to alter their station in life, 

 without strikes or picketing, and without troublesome political 

 ambitions. Power and influence reside in, and appertain only to 

 the community as a whole, because the physical and physiological 

 elements that constitute power are so evenly and minutely di- 

 vided between the several individuals composing the community 

 that the very concept itself of power as we understand it disap- 

 pears. In such a form of social organization there is no vestige 

 of what we understand as individual opportunity, incentive, or 

 orginality. The community is socially organized in such a way 

 as to promote and ensure so far as possible the continued survival 

 of the group as such and as a biological unit. Whether the indi- 

 vidual survives or not is a matter of no community concern 

 or importance, save in the case of individuals differentiated for 

 the task of reproduction. The insect plan of social organization, 

 perhaps wisely, segregates this function to a few individuals in 

 preference to distributing it uniformly over the whole com- 

 munity, and then develops a lot of group adaptations to protect 

 and ensure the survival of these few breeders. 



All sociality or social organization is biologically an adaptive 

 response to stimuli arising out of the difficulties of living to- 

 gether in a spatially limited universe, as was pointed out in an 

 earlier lecture. But the primary objective of this adaptation is 

 fundamentally different in mammalian sociality from what it is 

 in insect sociality. The basic objective of the former is the sur- 



