i6o WHAT EVOLUTION IS 



of teaching, of passing on to a new 

 generation the practices and the wis- 

 dom of the older generations. This 

 is largely a human institution, for few 

 animals other than man possess the 

 least trace of it. Very many animals 

 learn. Beasts, birds, frogs, and fishes 

 learn; even an earthworm can learn 

 to find its way out of a simple maze. 

 Such animals learn by individual ex- 

 perience; they do not learn by ex- 

 ample. To learn by example is to have 

 a model and this is at once the worth 

 and the artificiality of the teacher. 

 Man learns not only by experience as 

 the lower animals do, but also by 

 being taught and the profession of 

 teacher is almost exclusively a human 

 profession. Contrary to the belief of 

 the commonalty, animals, other than 

 man, do very little teaching. In a 

 beehive worker bees, that have never 

 seen a queen reared, will make queen 



