vi CONTENTS 



Chapter II: Priming Reactions 186 



I. Glycolysis and the hexosemonophosphate shunt 186 



II. Another pathway for the production of acetyl-CoA: the fatty acid cycle 196 



III. The tricarboxylic acid cycle 199 



IV. Respiratory chains 207 

 V. Mechanisms for the breakdown of amino acids 209 



VI. Interrelations between priming reactions 223 



VII. Energetics of the priming reactions 223 



Chapter III: Biosyntheses 229 



I. The materials for biosyntheses 229 



II. Biosynthesis 230 



PART FOUR— TOPOBIOCHEMISTRY AND CELLULAR REGULATION 



Chapter I: Cellular Topochemistry 273 



Chapter II: Cellular Regulation 283 



I. Factors which determine the velocity and the path of enzymatic reaction chains 283 



II. The Pasteur effect 285 



III. The genetic control of the relative rates of enzymatic reactions 286 



PART FIVE— BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY 



Chapter I: Some Aspects of Biochemical Diversity 289 



I. Terpenes 289 



II. Porphyrins 291 



III. Protein macromolecules 301 



Chapter II: The Inheritance of Biochemical Characteristics 304 



I. Control of biochemical characteristics by genes 304 



II. Biochemical differentiation of cells in a single organism 305 



III. Phenotype and "milieu" 315 



Chapter III: Biochemisty and Taxonomy 317 



I. Biochemical diversity 317 



II. Diversity within species 323 



III. Diversity between species 323 



Chapter IV: Biochemical Evolution 333 



I. Definition 333 



II. Evolution of biochemical constituents 333 



III. Evolution of biochemical systems 333 



PART SIX— THE METABOLISM OF THE BIOSPHERE 339 



Introduction 349 



Chapter I: Entry into the Biosphere 351 



I. Carbon and energy 351 



II. Phosphorus 361 



III. Nitrogen 362 



IV. Sulphur 364 



Chapter II: Departure from the Biosphere 366 



I. Ammonification in the soil 366 



II. The exit of carbon from the biosphere 368 



Chapter III: The Cycles 371 



I. The carbon cycle 371 



II. The nitrogen cycle 371 



III. The sulphur cycle 376 



IV. The circulation of phosphorus 377 

 V. The metabolism of the biosphere 377 



Index 381 



