THE DOGMA OF EVOLUTION 



ideas and prove that he was in no sense an evolution- 

 ist, but that, on the contrary, he believed that each 

 kind of animal was created for a definite and fixed 

 purpose. He says that there are three degrees of com- 

 position. "The first in order is composition out of 

 what some call the elements, such as earth, air, water, 

 fire. Perhaps, however, it would be more accurate to 

 say composition out of the elementary forces; nor 

 indeed out of all of these, but out of a limited num- 

 ber of them, as defined in previous treatises. For fluid 

 and solid, hot and cold, form the material of all com- 

 posite bodies. . . . The second degree of composi- 

 tion is that by which the homogeneous parts of ani- 

 mals, such as bone, flesh, and the like, are constituted 

 out of the primary substances. The third and last 

 state is the composition which forms the heterogene- 

 ous parts such as face, hand, and the rest.""^ 



This third heterogeneous part is that which con- 

 stitutes the living animal, as distinguished not only 

 from inorganic matter but also from the matter of the 

 tissues, and it further distinguishes the different kinds 

 of animals. "For generation is a process from a some- 

 thing to a something; that which is generated having 

 a cause in which it originates and a cause in which 

 it ends. The originating cause is the primary efficient 

 cause, which is something already endowed with tan- 

 gible existence, while the final cause is some definite 

 22 646 a. 



1:64] 



