stop the flow of gastric juice, make the breath come stronger, and bring 

 about other changes in various organs. 



The manner in which we allow various happenings to stir our feelings, 

 and the manner in which we allow our feelings to find their way out in 

 action, both depend largely upon experience. They are "learned" rather 

 than "natural". These feelings we have of liking or disliking, of being for 

 or against anything, are our attitudes. 



What Is Mind? We intend many of the things we do; that is, we can 

 give a reason for doing them. Thus we drink because we are thirsty; we 

 do other things because they help us carry on our lives. But many of the 

 things which the bird or the ant does also help it carry on life. We are 

 therefore disposed to say that the animal does things on purpose just as we 

 do, or that the unity of the organism is due to the "mind" in one case as 

 in the other. 



It would be quite impossible to prove that this interpretation of the facts 

 is not a true one. For all we know, it is the "mind" of the insect or of the 

 bird or of the morning-glory that makes it behave as it does. But if it is a 

 mind, it is a different kind of mind from ours. For, as we have seen (see 

 pages 255-264), a great deal of the behavior in plants and animals at all 

 stages of development is automatic; it comes from the structures or from 

 the chemical compounds in the organs, rather than from any intention or 

 purpose. 



When we speak of our own minds or of doing things with design, or 

 purpose, we do not include all our actions, not even all the useful ones. In 

 the course of the individual's development, for example, the thymus gland 

 gradually degenerates. However useful this change may be, none of us 

 would maintain that the gland degenerates as the result of any design on 

 our part. As the body does more work, and as the tissue cells give off more 

 carbon dioxide, the heart comes to beat harder. Yet it is doubtful whether 

 anybody ever intended to have his heart work harder. Certainly no one 

 ever planned to grow himself a heart in the first place, useful as that organ 

 happens to be. 



What we do intentionally or willingly, whether wise or foolish, can 

 hardly come from the same "mind" as that which guides the growth of the 

 body and its unconscious internal and external adjustments to what is hap- 

 pening. On the other hand, we really know only such mind as our own, 

 and that mind does play an important role in our own adjustments. But 

 we recognize degrees of mind in other species, even if we can also see a great 

 deal of adaptive response that is mechanical or automatic. 



334 



