Horsetail 

 {EquiMttum axveiue) 



Ground pine 

 (X/copodi'iuD obacuma) 



Ground cedar 



iLycopodium 

 complonatum) \ 



Shining clubmoss 

 (£/copoabua lucidulum} 



CLASS 2 MUSCI ("moss"). Mosses; small erect or trailing plants with a 

 beginning of differentiation into stalk, leaflike outgrowths, and rootlike 

 hairs; spores borne in capsule, at end of hairlike bristle. Examples, sphagnum, 

 or peat, moss, hair-cap moss, fern-leaf moss, pin-cushion moss, pigeon-wheat 

 moss. 



PHYLUM III PTERIDOPHYTES ("fern plant"). Ferns and their allies; have 

 distinct leaves, stems, and roots with vascular system; archegonia and an- 

 theridia present in prothallus, or sexual, generation; spore-bearing asexual gen- 

 eration grows into trees in some species. 



CLASS 1 FILICALES ("fern"). The ferns; have large pinnately veined 

 leaves csdled fronds; young fronds uncoil from buds and suggest "croziers"; 

 roots and stems anchored in soil; sporangia in characteristic clusters called 

 sori (see illustration, p. 387). Examples, polypody fern, Christmas fern, 

 cinnamon fern, bracken fern, sensitive fern, tree ferns. 



CLASS 2 EQUISETALES ("horse bristle"). The horsetails; erect, fluted, 

 jointed, green stems grow from horizontal underground stems; leaves cluster 

 around vertical stems, suggesting shape of horse's tail; sporangia borne in 

 conical structure at tip of stems. Examples, scouring rushes, horsetails. 



CLASS 3 LYCOPODIALES ("wolf foot"). The club mosses. Small ever- 

 green plants usually found in moist woods; sporangia in club-shaped cones. 

 Examples, ground cedar, ground pine, shiny club moss, ground cypress, 

 selaginella. 



PHYLUM IV SPERMATOPHYTES ("seed plants"). Seed-bearing plants; 

 produce true seeds which arise from fertilized eggs, and also spores. There is a 

 true alternation of generations, as in the mosses and ferns; but that is not so 

 easily observed, since the egg-and-sperm, or sexual, generation can be studied 

 only with the use of microscopes and difficult preparation of materials. As in the 

 case of the ferns, the familiar generation is the spore-bearing one. The pollen cor- 

 responds to spores (see illustrations, pp. 12, 31, 412, 399-408, 410). 



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