CONTENTS xvii 



Page 



CHAPTER LXX 



Distribution of Animals 499 



Present distribution — Past distribution — Place of origin— Dispersal of 

 animals — Factors hindering dispersal — Modification of types — Periodic 

 migration — Altitude — Oeeanit; distribution — Island faunas — Faunal divi- 

 sions of the earth — North American life zones. 



CHAPTER LXXI 



Past Distribution of Animals 510 



Fossils — Stages in fossilization — Geological ages — Geological time scale — 

 Metamorphism — Animals of the past. 



CHAPTER LXXII 



Evolution of Animals 516 



History of evolution — Evidences of evolution — Causes of evolution — 

 Methods of evolution — Evolutionary series. 



CHAPTER LXXIII 



Inheritance in Organisms 527 



Organisms from the genetic viewpoint — Determiners or genes — Behavior of 

 chromosomes in maturation and fertilization — Effect of chromosome reduc- 

 tion — Allelomorphs — Mendel — Mendelism — Hybrids — Distribution of char- 

 acteristics in hybrids — Checkerboard diagrams — Multiple hybrids — Actual 

 cases — Breeding the test for characters^ — Variations in inheritance — 

 Breeding for certain characteristics — Inbreeding and crossbreeding — Inherit- 

 ance of acquired characters — Inheritance of disease and abnormalities- 

 Sex determination — Twins — Determination of sex in parthenogenesis — Sex- 

 Unked characters — Linkage and crossing over — Eugenics. 



CHAPTER LXXIV 



Classification of Animals 541 



History — Species — Polymorphism — Basis of classification — Basis of nomen- 

 clature — Rules of nomenclature — Phyla — Phylogenetic tree. 



CHAPTER LXXV 



History of Zoology 549 



Greeks — Dark ages — VesaUus — Harvey — Microscopists — Comparative anat- 

 omy — Physiology — Cell theory — Embryology — Taxonomy — Evolution and 

 genetics— Pasteur — Recent advances. 



Glossary 557 



Index 587 



