& CULPEPER’s ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, 
‘The fpleen, or milt, is fituated in the left fide under the fhort ribs, over againtt 
the liver, and under the midriff, between the ribs and the ftomach, near to the back. 
‘part. Its colour in new-born infants is red, becaufe they have been fed with elabo- 
rate blood; but in thofe of ripe age it is of a darkifh red colour, and fometimes al- 
moftblackith. It is connected by thin membranes arifing from the peritoneum, to 
the peritoneum itlelf, caul, and to the left kidney, and fometimes alfo to the feptum or 
diaphragma, ‘The action and office of the fi pleen is not to be either the receptacle or 
the place of the generation of melancholy, (as feveral learned men have thought, ) 
nor to make blood, (as many others have imagined, ) but to highly perfect the blood 
already made, thatit may ferve as a fermentum, both to the daily generated chyle and 
all the reft of the blood in the body: the excrementitious blood which cannot be fe- 
parated from the fpleen, if it be thin and watery, is purged out, firft, by the arteries, 
not only to the guts, but alfo to the kidneys, by the emulgent veins; hence, in difeafes 
-of the {pleen, the urine is many times black, in which cafe we commonly adminifter 
‘diuretics. Secondly, by the ftomach ; whence, in the {curvy and a quartan ague, the 
fick {pits exceedingly ; but, if this excrementitious blood be thick and earthy, itis 
‘voided direétly by the anus by Proper arteries going the guts, by which means the 
ordute is black, as alfo by the internal hemorrhoidal veins, as the great Hippocrates 
: has often fhewn. , ee 
The reins, or kidneys, are fituated under the liver and fpleen, by the loins, between 
the two coats of the peritoneum, at the fides of the cava and aorta, under which very 
great nerves lie hid, and reft upon the mufcles of the thigh: whence it is that, a ftone 
__ being in the kidneys, a numbnefs is felt in the thigh and leg of that fide. ‘The left 
kidney is for the moft part higheft; the right is loweft to give way to the liver, 
“reaching by its end the third vertebra of the loins. They confift of a fubftance folid, . 
fiefhy, thick, hard, and compaét, almoft as the heart, but not fo fibrous. They ate 
conneéted by an external membrane from the peritoneum to the loins and diaphragma j 
by the emulgent veffels to the cava and aorta ; and by the ureters to the bladder. 
The ‘right kidney is tied to the cecum, fometimes alo to the liver: the left to the 
een and colon; hence pains of the reins are exafperated by plenty of wind mirth 
crements. ‘The colour of the flefh of the kidneys is red; and through their hollow- 
ed fides are carried the emulgent veins and arteries, proceeding from the trunks of 
‘ava and aorta : they have alfo emulgent arteries, which are large, and derived we 
from the trunk of | the aorta, which carry blood for nourifhment, and that there he 
the ferum (which is plentiful in the arterial blood) may be feparated : they have alfo 
one very {mall nerve on each fide, which fprings from the ramus fomachicus, proceed- 
ing from the par vagum, and is inferted into the proper membrane of the pines : 
- wnenc 
