PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 51 



from drouth and cold winters to some extent. Red Canada should be top- 

 grafted ni)on Spy or Tallman Sweet. I would now, in setting an orchard, 

 use mainly Red Canada and Jonathan. The Jonathan is rapidly growing 

 in favor for hardiness, long keeping, and fine quality. I would not advise 

 the setting of fall ai)ples for market, as there are too many already. For 

 quality. Mother is one of the very best for home use. 



Mr. Peaksall: People once grew the Spitzenburg to some extent, l)ut 

 the trees seem to be all gone. 



Prest. Lyon: It has failed generally in the state, of late years, and so, 

 too, has the Yellow Beltlower. 



Mr. Laixg: I have seen but little of the Bailey orchard of my town- 

 sljip, lately, but believe it is nearly all cut down — ruined l)y the canker- 

 worm. So, also, were one or two otherfe. Top-grafted Baldwins have done 

 much the best with me. That is the best way to treat the Baldwin here. 

 The Spitzenburg (Esopus) is here a failure, and while Yellow Belflower 

 •does well on young trees, it soon grows scabby. There is some damage 

 from sun-scald, to avoid which the trees should be leaned a little to the 

 southwest when set. 



Dr. Owen: I have top-grafted Bed Canada into Talman Sweet with 

 perfect success. I had a few Newtown Pippin trees which bore only 

 gnarled fruit. I concluded they lacked lime. I put on old plaster and 

 ashes, and got, the second year after, as fine fruit of the kind as ever grew, 

 and have had good fruit ever since. I have three Yellow Belflowers upon 

 a very sandy hill and one on springy ground. From the latter I get good 

 crops, but from the others only scabby fruit, and it has been so for ten 

 years. 



STOCK AND SCION. 



Mr. Laing: There is much discussion and disagreement about the 

 influence of stock upon scion; but from several instances within my 

 exj^erience I am convinced that the tree into which they are set often 

 influences very plainly the fruit of grafts. 



Mr. Beal : If the process of grafting very much changed the fruit, we 

 would scarcely be able to recognize even well-known varieties, for in the 

 nurseries they graft upon anything they can get to grow. It seems to be 

 true that apple scab has increased to such an extent that the fruit of all of 

 ■our formerly successful ^orts, even if newly planted, becomes gnarled and 

 unsightly. 



Prest. Lyon: There is a great difference in the influence of stocks upon 

 A'arieties. No kind is so much changed in this way as Rhode Island 

 Greening, yet it does not lose its identity. We are, in apple culture, upon 

 the border between the east and west. In the west the apple-grower is 

 told to head his trees low, a form not considered so imjjortant in the east, 

 nor till recently believed to be necessary or needful here. The change is 

 chiefly due to climatic changes. Some years ago we knew no such thing 

 as winter injury to fruit trees. We are, too, losing something of the early 

 qualities of the soil, and are not replacing them. Insects are increasing, 

 also, and adding much to our difiiculties. At Plymouth, Wayne county, 

 twenty years ago, the Red Canada M'as very generally grown and was jjerfect, 

 but now has almost wholly failed. Where one variety has failed, another 

 may do well and then fail also. Our way out lies in higher culture, 

 manuring, and care as to insects — in as careful culture as is given to 

 peaches. 



