WINTER MEETING, 1880. 25 



shaking of the apples while being carried to market, head-lined and marked 

 with the name of the variety and also with the name of the grower before leav- 

 ing the orchard. I think the general reputation of Michigan apples for keep- 

 ing has suffered very materially from the fact that so large a portion of them 

 are drawn to market loose in lumber wagons over our rough roads, which can- 

 not be done without more or less injury to the fruit. It would be far better if 

 all our winter market apples could be packed in the orchard. 



If for any reason it is desired to keep them for a late fall market, or over 

 winter, pack them as before except that the barrel should not be filled so full 

 as to need much if any pressure to put in the head. When headed up, and 

 without head-lining the end that has been opened, mark with the name of the 

 variety and place the barrels so filled at once under the trees or in some shed 

 or barn where they will be entirely out of the way of the sun, leaving them 

 there, if it is proposed to keep them for spring market, as late as they can 

 safely remain without freezing. When taken to the cellar they should still be 

 kept in as low a temperature as possible without danger of frost. If sold late 

 in the fall, being thus headed up they can be easily examined, and if for any 

 cause they are found to have decayed to any extent they should be repacked. 

 If not needing repacking, a few more apples may be put into each barrel, the 

 head properly pressed in and head-lined and they are ready for market. 



I have thus given what appears to me, judging from what experience I have 

 had in the matter, one of the good ways (not supposing it to be the only one) 

 of raising and handling apples for profit. 



In closing I would say that only those who take pleasure in planting and 

 caring for an orchard would I advise to engage in the business of raising apples 

 for the market, for only such will be likely to make it profitable. 



The question of the proper time to trim the apple orchard having been 

 brought up, Mr. Scott said that he thought the best time to trim late in the 

 season, as then the wate-r sprouts were less likely to grow. He also thought it 

 advisable to put rails or scantling on the ground when the apples were picked 

 and headed up in the barrels and then turn the barrels down on the side on 

 them, thus giving a free circulation of air all around the barrel. 



Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural College, occupied the next half hour 

 with an account of some of the most approved methods of 



INSECT WARFARE. 



The address was given in connection with blackboard drawings and an ab- 

 stract must necessarily convey a very imperfect idea of its details. 



He believed in fighting most of the insect enemies of the orchard the one 

 thing most needed was concert of action. Insects are migratory, and if battled 

 in one field will seek a more peaceful domain in which to prosecute their work of 

 devastation ; and they are so very prolific that even although their field may 

 be quite restricted they will develop in such quantities as to make a great deal 

 of trouble to every one. 



Prof Cook here described the codling moth, its history and habits, illus- 

 trating with crayon the different stages of growth, and by band, tacks and 

 hammer the most approved method of catching the larva?, all of which has 

 appeared in previous volumes of our transactions. 



He said by concert of action in a neighborhood the expense of fighting the 

 moth would be very much lessened, as a bright boy could care for a number of 

 orchards, and if the neighborhood was somewhat isolated the beneficial results 



