I'JO ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERT. 



staiit daily supjily, greater amount in wet weatlier, and cost of 

 di>tiiliuiion, it is best litted for a2)plie-alion to grass, although it 

 may be occasionally apiilied to other crops under favorable circum- 

 stances. 5. That the direct residt of the general application of 

 town sewage to grass-land would be an enormous increase in the 

 production of milk (butter and cheese) and meat, whilst by the 

 consumption of the grass a large amount of solid manure, appli- 

 cable to arable land and crops generally, would be produced. 



METHOD OF OBTAINING THE ODORIFEllOUS rUINCIPLES 



OF FLOWERS. 



Th(> means used hitherto for ol)taining the odorous elements of 

 flowers are troubkisonie and more or less wasteful. A volatile 

 essential oil, obtained from well-purified Pennsylvania petroleum, 

 and termed petroleima ether, is now used very successfully for 

 this purpose. It al)S(>rbs tiie odorous ])rinciple of the flowers, 

 new quantities of which are added continually to it, until it 

 becomes saturated. It is then sepai-ated from the odorous \iv'm- 

 ciple by evaporation, but little of it being Inst. TIk^ fatty and 

 other matters associated with th(! jx-rl'uine, which is left behind, 

 may be separated from it by means of alcohol, in which they are 

 nearly insoluble, but which dissolves the odorous principle with 

 great facility. This method may bo used for extracting any 

 aroma, especially when contained in flowers. — Intellectual Obser- 

 ver, April, 18G6. 



PROCESS FOR STAINING WOOD. 



In the " Journal of the Franklin Institute " for November, 1866, 

 is described the process of Barton II. Jenks for staining woods. 

 The wood to be treated is placed in a close vessel, which is con- 

 nected with an air-])um2), and the air is removed. The coloring 

 fluid is then allowed to enter and permeate the wood, which it 

 does in a very tiiorough and even manner, on account of the 

 removal of all air from the fibre. The excess of fluid is then 

 pumped out, or the wood is removed and allowed to dry in the 

 usual way. Specimens of white pine were stained with the fol- 

 lowing substances : — 



1. Nitrate of iron Warm gray, light. 



2. Nitrate of iron and paraffin Warm gray, dark. 



3. Sulphate of iron Colder gray, light. 



4. Sulphate of iron and paraffin Cold gray, dark. 



5. Sulphate of iron and logwood Like 3. 



6. Sulphate of iron, logwood, and paraffin Like 2. 



7. Chromate of potash Yellow gray, light. 



8. Chromate of potash and paraffin Yellow gray, dark. 



9. Bichromate of potash .... Yellow gray, between 7 and 8. 



10. Bichromate of potash and paraffin . . Very rich, yellow gray. 



11. Logwood Light orange. 



12. Logwood and paraffin Dark orange. 



13. Aniline blue Bluish slate. 



14. Aniline blue and paraffin Bluish slate, dark. 



15. Aniline red Violet, with yellow shade. 



16. Aniline red and paraffin A little darker than 15. 



17. Aniline sulferiuo llieh purple. 



18. Aniline solferino and paraffin Rich purple, darker. 



