VIII UNIVERSITIES: ACTUAL AND IDEAL 190 



demand, some of the Masters of the Faculty of 

 Arts devoted themselves to the study of Theology, 

 some to that of Law, and some to that of 

 Medicine; and they became Doctors — men learned 

 in those technical, or, as we now call them, pro- 

 fessional, branches of knowledge. Like cleaving 

 to like, the Doctors formed schools, or Faculties, 

 of Theology, Law, and Medicine, which sometimes 

 assumed airs of superiority over their parent, the 

 Faculty of Arts, though the latter always asserted 

 and maintained its fundamental supremacy. 



The Faculties arose by process of natural dif- 

 ferentiation out of the primitive University. 

 Other constituents, foreign to its nature, were 

 speedily grafted upon it. One of these extraneous 

 elements were forced into it by the Roman Church, 

 which in those days asserted with effect, that 

 which it now asserts, happily without any effect 

 in these realms, its rights of censorship and con- 

 trol over all teaching. The local habitation of 

 the University lay partly in the lands attached 

 to the monastery of S. Genevieve, partly in the 

 diocese of the Bishop of Paris; and he who would 

 teach must have the license of the Abbot, or of 

 the Bishop, as the nearest representative of the 

 Pope, so to do, which license was granted by the 

 Chancellors of these Ecclesiastics. 



Thus, if I am what archaeologists call a " sur- 

 vival " of the primitive head and ruler of the 

 University, your Chancellor stands in the same 

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