284 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERT. 



great part of the struggle, little by little, from individuals to tribes, 

 nations, leagues, guilds, corporations, societies, and other such 

 combinations; and accompanying this transference has been un- 

 denialjly the development of the moral qualities and of social 



virtues." 



SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS AND NEGROES. 



The following are extracts from the Appendix of Prof. Agas- 

 siz's "Journey in Brazil": — 



"What struck me at first view, in seeing Indians and Negroes 

 together, was the marked diflerence in the relative })roportions of 

 tiie different parts of the bod}'. Like long-armed monkeys the 

 Negroes are generally slender, with long legs, long arms, and a 

 comparatively short body, while the Indians are short-legged, 

 short-armed, and long-bodied, the trunk being also rather heavy 

 in build. To continue the comparison, I may say that if tlie 

 Negro by his bearing recalls the slender, active Hylobates, the 

 Indian is more like the slow, inactive, stout Orang. Of course 

 there are exceptions to this rule ; short, tliick-buiit Negroes are 

 occasionally to be seen, as well as tall, lean Indians; but, so far 

 as my observation goes, the essential difierence between the 

 Indian and Negro races, taken as a whole, consists in the length 

 and square build of the trunk and the shortness of limbs in the 

 Indian, as compared with the lean frame, short trunk, deep-cleft 

 legs, and long arms of the Negro. 



" Another feature not less striking, though it does not affect 

 the whole figure so much, is the short neck and great width of the 

 shoulders in the Indian. This peculiarity is quite as marked in 

 the female as in the male, so that, when seen from behind, the 

 Indian woman has a very masculine air, extending indeed more or 

 less to her whole bearing ; for even her features have rarely the fem- 

 inine delicacy of higher womanhood. In the Negro, on the 

 contrary, the narnjwness of chest and shoulder, chaiucterislic of 

 woman, is almost as marked in the man; indeed, it may well be 

 said that, while the Indian female is remarkable for her mascu- 

 line build, the Negro male is equally so for his feminine aspect. 

 Nevertheless, the difference between the sexes in the two races is 

 not equally marked. The female Indian reseml)les in every 

 respect much more the male than is the case with the Negroes ; 

 the females among the latter having generally more delicate 

 features than the males. 



"As to the limbs, they are not only much longer in proportion 

 in the Negro than in the Indian ; their form and carriage differ 

 also. The legs of the Indian are remarkably straight; in the 

 Negro the knees are bent in, and the hip as well as knee-joint 

 habitually fiexed. Similar differences in other parts of the body 

 are visible from behind ; in th(! Indians the interval between the 

 two shoulders, the shoulder-blades being ctmiparatively short in 

 themselves, is much greater than in any other race. In this respect 

 the women do not differ from tlie men, but share in a feature 



