BIOLOGY. 285 



characteristic of the whole race. This peculiarity is especially 

 noticeable in a profile view of the figure, in which the broad, 

 rounded shoulder marks the outline in the upper part of the 

 trunk, and tapers gradually to a well-shaped arm, terminating 

 usually in a rather small hand ; the little finger is remarkably 

 short. In the Negro, on the contrary, the shoulder-blades are 

 long and placed more closely together, the shoulder being rather 

 slim and narrow, and the hand disproportionately slender, though 

 the fingers are more extensively webbed than in any other race. 

 In this respect there is little difference between male and 

 female, the build of the male being more muscular, but hardly 

 stouter; in both a profile view shows the back and breast pro- 

 jected forward and backward of the arm. The proportions 

 between the length and width of the trunk, as compared with 

 each other, and measured from the shoulder to the base of tlie 

 trunk, hardly difler in the Indian and Negro; this renders the 

 difference in the relative length and strength of the arms and 

 legs the more apparent. 



♦' Like distinct specifes among animals, different races of men, 

 when crossing, bring forth half-breeds; and the half-breeds 

 between these different races differ greatly. The hybrid between 

 the White and Negro, called Mulatto, is too well known to 

 require further description ; his features are handsome, his com- 

 plexion clear, and his character confiding, but indolent. The 

 hybrid between the Indian and Negro, known under the name of 

 Caiuzo, is quite different ; his features have nothing of the delica- 

 cy of the Mulatto ; his complexion is dark ; his hair long, wiry, 

 and curly ; and his character exhibits a happy combination 

 between the jolly disposition of the Negro and the energetic 

 enduring powers of the Indian. The hybrid between White 

 and Indian, called Mammeluco in Brazil, is pallid, effeminate, 

 feeble, lazy, and rather obstinate ; though it seems as if the 

 Indian influence had only gone so far as to obliterate the higher 

 characteristics of the White, without imparting its own energies 

 to the offspring. It is very remarkable how, in both combina- 

 tions, with Negroes as well as Whites, the Indian impresses his 

 mark more deeply upon his progeny than the other races, and 

 how readily, also, in further crossings, the pure Indian character- 

 istics are reclaimed, and those of the other races thrown off. I 

 have known the offspring of a hybrid between Indian and Negro 

 with a hybrid between Indian and White resume almost com- 

 pletely the characteristics of the pure Indian." 



THE ESQUIMAUX. 



Capt. W. S. Hall, at the last meeting of the British Association, 

 read a paper "On the Esquimaux Considered in their Relation- 

 ship to ^Slan's Antiquity." The Esquimaux inhabit regions within 

 the Arctic Regions, comprising Greenland and the islands to the 

 west of that continent. Elhnologically considered, they are of the 

 Mongolian type, and in this respect allied to the Finns and Lap- 



