GEOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES. 335 



Bolivia, and gave many facts respecting the cliaractev of their 

 various hinguiiges. lie adverted to the extensive area of the 

 Guarani tongue, which extends substantially from the La Pl.ita 

 to the Orinoco, embracing a great portion of Brazil, and most of 

 the basin of the Amazon. He stated that he had found the Qui- 

 chua language spoken in the centre of the Argentine Kepublic, in 

 the province of Santiago del Estero, 800 miles from the nearest 

 point in Bolivia where the same language is now spoken. Con- 

 sequently, Mr. Bliss considered this province to have been an 

 outlying colony of the empire of the Incas. 



The languages of the Indians of the Chaco are extremely mea- 

 gre, and none of them exceeds about a thousand root-words, — a 

 point which was illustrated by anecdotes of some curious experi- 

 ences in procuring vocabularies. 



Mr. Bliss stated that the principle of reduplication was largely 

 concerned in the formation of the lano:uao:e of the Incas, and that 

 he had collected, in Bolivia, more than 300 geographical names 

 formed in this way, as Moco-moco, Coro-coro, Quilli-quilli, and 

 cited, as a double reduplication, the name of the famous lake 

 Ti-ti-ca-ca. He stated that, within 200 years, the Guarani lan- 

 guage had undergone an almost complete change ; so that, in- 

 stead of being now, as formerly, made up from monosyllabic 

 radicals, it is quite as polysyllabic as most other Indian tongues. 



JNIr. Bliss refuted the geographical classification of the natural- 

 ist, D'Obigny, as separating the same races, and uniting very dis- 

 similar ones, as the Fuegians, Araucanians, and Quichuans, under 

 the same group. He stated that his own classification, upon a 

 linguistic basis, had been embodied in a report to the Argentine 

 government in 1863, and had since been adopted by the latest Euro- 

 pean writers upon that subject, such as Dr. Martin de Moussy and 

 Mr. Charles Beck Bernard, in their recent works upon the regions 

 of the La Plata. 



NORTH AMERICA. 



Prof. Morgan, at the meeting of the American Association, read 

 a paper upon the following topics: 1. Physical Geography of 

 North America, with reference to Natural Highways, and Means 

 of Natural Subsistence allbrded by its Areas. 2. Agricultural 

 Subsistence, and the character and extent of Indian Agviculture. 

 3. Migrations of Roving and partially Village Indians ; deduced 

 from languages, traditions, and known migrations. 4. Migration 

 of Village Indians; as deduced from the same sources. 



The Indians, he said, were nations of fishermen and hunters; 

 and afterwards, to a limited extent, some of them were supported 

 by the products of agriculture. The migrations of men were not 

 accidcsntal or fortuitous, but deliberate movements, governed by 

 law; and the initial point of migration did not become such by 

 accident. Subsistence was the governing law which controlled 

 the increase and migration of men ; and tliis was manifest in the 

 migration of the aborigines of this country. 



