XV 



INTRODUCTION 



BEING A REVIEW OF THE LAND-FAUNA OF HAWAIIA 

 By R. C. L. PERKINS 



Arrangement. — Prefatory, p. xv ; general features of the islands, p. xvi ; general aspect of the 

 fauna and flora, p. xxiv ; time devoted to collecting, and methods, p. xxxii ; some previous 

 misconceptions, p. xxxviii ; number of species of insects and causes of their extinction, p. xli ; 

 introduced, immigrant, endemic, p. xlii ; distribution by natural agencies, p. xlvi ; flight- 

 lessness, p. xlviii ; origin of the fauna, p. Hi ; species formation, p. Ixi ; summary of the 

 general part of the introduction, p. Ixx. Special review of some of the divisions of the 

 fauna', viz.: Hymenoptera, p. Ixxiii, Coleoptera, p. cxii, Lepidoptera, p. cxliv, Neuroptera, 

 p. clxx, Embiidae, p. clxxiv, Termitidae, p. clxxiv, Psocidae, p. clxxv, Odonata, p. clxxv, 

 Diptera, p. clxxx, Hemiptera, p. clxxxix, Orthoptera, p. ccxi, Thysanura and Collembola, 

 p. ccxx, Myriapoda, p. ccxxi, Arachnida, p. ccxxi, Mollusca, p. ccxxiii. Vermes, p. ccxxviii. 



This portion of the 'Fauna Hawaiiensis ' may be termed an Introduction to 

 the study of the land-fauna of the Hawaiian islands, and its chief use may be as 

 a guide to further and more special research. It is rather in the form of a series 

 of disconnected essays than a continuous account, this being due to the fact that it 

 has been mostly written at wide intervals of time and in small portions, when the 

 pressure of other work, which could not be neglected, was relaxed. Some repetition 

 will consequently be found, and it has been necessary finally to cut short some 

 questions, which it was intended should be fully discussed, and also to pass by many 

 altogether. The rather full resume of the Fauna that is given will enable any one 

 to find further illustrations of many of the points that are discussed and furnish hints 

 for further investigation. During the twenty years that I have been working on 

 this Fauna I have received much help in various ways from many people, all of 

 whom I cannot mention individually. To Dr D. Sharp and the late Prof. Alfred 

 Newton I have been particularly indebted for advice and encouragement and to the 

 former also for much help in working out various groups, which otherwise I certainly 

 could not have attempted. Of those, who have their home in the islands, I owe 

 much to the kindness of Messrs Francis Gay and Aubrey Robinson on Kauai, to 

 Mrs Greenwell and her sons on Hawaii, and also to the late Mr R. Meyer of Molokai 



' For a similar review of Aves refer to Vol. i, pp. 368-465. 



