INTRODUCTION cvii 



Spalangia lanaietisis has any claim to be considered indigenous. This is a true forest 

 insect and has been bred from more than one of the smaller endemic species of Drosophila. 

 Two other species of Spalangia are known, but they are clearly importations, parasitizing 

 the puparia of various common introduced Hies, the larvae of which feed in cow dung 

 or other excrement. One of these was identified as ^. liirta, and in fact it is practically 

 identical with specimens of a Spalangia from Europe and China, and hardly different 

 from a Mexican form. Still it does not agree with Haliday's description in the length 

 of its antennal joints, and so we have considered it to be distinct from S. hirta. 



One or two species of Pteronialus, one of which has been bred from a. foreign 

 Tortricid, are not likely to prove endemic, and one or two of the genus Pachyneuron 

 or allied forms connected with foreign Diptera, are likewise introductions. 



The scale-insect parasite Tomocera californica is an introduction from Australia, 

 where we have seen it, and other species of the genus, in abundance. It was found 

 commonly by Mr Blackburn, and described as a new genus Moranila. Although it 

 bears the .specific name californica it is of course an introduced species in California, 

 as into the islands. Owing to other parasites and predators, introduced to destroy 

 Lecaniuni, the Tomocera is now far less plentiful than it was some fifteen years 

 ago. 



EuLOi'iiiDAE.— In this family the sub-families Aphelininae and Tetrastichinae, the 

 former with numerous species parasitic on introduced Aphidae, Coccidae and Aleyrodidae, 

 are all probably introduced, the only species that are at all likely to prove endemic are 

 in the Tetrastichinae, viz. the polyphagous Melittobia and an undescribed forest- 

 frequenting species of uncertain genus and habits. I believe, however, that these are 

 also introductions, like Tetrastichus hagenotvii, which is hyperparasitic in cockroach 

 egg-cases, wherein it attacks Evania. Paraphelinus xipkidii is an Aphelinine of 

 rather ordinary structure, but most interesting from its habits. It parasitizes the eggs 

 of the common imported Locustid, Xiphidiutn varipenne, and also is a hyperparasite 

 of leaf-hoppers, breeding in the cocoons of the Dryinid Haplogonatopus, as recorded by 

 Swezey. This diversity of habits in a member of a group so constant otherwise in the 

 limits of its parasitism, is of great interest. 



The other members of the Eulophidae must, in the present state of our knowledge, 

 be considered specifically endemic, though none of the genera are peculiar to the 

 islands. They include in the Entedoninae the genera Astichus and Oniphale ; in the 

 Elachistinae Ophelinus ; and in the Eulophinae Heniiptarsenus, Necrenimis, Sympiesis 

 and Eidophus. In some of these genera several new species (at present undescribed) 

 are known, but they preserve very badly and offer small attraction to the collector or 

 describer. Many of them are familiar parasites of leaf-mining microlepidoptera and 

 they are commonly bred from mines of Philodoria in leaves of Pipturus, Metrosiderus, 

 etc. and from the common circular mines that so often disfigure the foliage of Pelea. 



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