126 FAUNA HAWAIIENSIS 



Hypocala, Anosia, Phtsia biloba, and Sphinx celeus, are American insects, all 

 powerful flyers ; Anosia in particular has within recent memory extended its range over 

 the whole Pacific to Australia and New Zealand. 



Simplicia robustalis, Spodoptera maiiritia, and Plusia chalciies are very wide- 

 ranging species in S. Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia, the two latter 

 occurring also in Africa, and the last-named likewise in New Zealand and Europe ; the 

 two latter are of powerful flight, but the Siviplicia may prove, when its habits are 

 made known, to be artificially introduced. 



This class represents the effect of present-day influences. 1 think it probable that 

 the 4 cosmopolitan species actually came from America, and in that case there would 

 be a large preponderance of the American element. Hypocala has a well-marked local 

 form besides the normal American type, and Hcliothis also shows a tendency to form a 

 local race, so that these two approach the character of the next class. 



{b) Apodemic Genera, ivith one endemic species. 



This class includes 7 genera and 1 2 species. 



Caradrina is best omitted from consideration ; the single species (in one specimen) 

 cannot be positively assigned to the genus, which is however widely distributed in the 

 northern hemisphere. 



Cosmopliila is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the 

 world. It is represented by one apodemic species, which occurs also in Fiji, S. Asia, 

 and Africa, but assumes here the character of a tolerably well-marked geographical 

 race ; and one endemic species, which may reasonably be regarded as a development of 

 the foregoing. 



Hydriomena is a very large genus of universal distribution, but mainly character- 

 istic of temperate regions. The single endemic species is not sufficiently near any 

 other to allow of its affinity being positively stated ; but I am disposed to regard it as 

 being of an Asiatic (Himalayan and Japanese) type. 



Dasyuris consists, so far as is yet definitely known, of one Arctic species (Green- 

 land, Labrador, Lapland), two Australian, and five from New Zealand. The Hawaiian 

 species is not particularly close to any of these, though generally similar ; geographically 

 it is an interesting link. The facts would seem to indicate a New Zealand origin. 



Vanessa is represented by three apodemic species and one endemic. Of the 

 apodemic, V. cardni is cosmopolitan, being perhaps the best traveller of all the Lepido- 

 ptera, and may have entered from any side ; V. Jninter-a is American, V. atalanta 

 European and American, but both have probably alike come from America. The 

 endemic species is intermediate between cardui and atalanta, and its nearest ally is 

 V. callirrhoe in the Canary Islands ; hence it is probable that both these are the 

 insular descendants of a former wide-ranging American species, which was also the 

 ancestor of the continental caj-dui and atalanta. 



