On the Biology Code Sheets, the chemists entered the compound's Serial Number and the name 

 by which it is indexed by Chemical Abstracts. 



When all of an entire Set of Biology Code Sheets had been processed by the chemists, it was 

 again returned to the clerical staff which recorded the Set's progress toward the final file. 



Transfer of Coded Information to IBM Punched Cards : 



After being released from both the biology and chemistry staffs, each Set of Biology Code Sheets 

 was submitted to the IBM staff. Special operators, familiar with the CBCC biology and chemistry 

 coding, punched onto IBM cards the code symbols which had been written on the Biology Code Sheets. 

 Each code line on the Biology Code Sheets was punched on a separate IBM card and on each card was 

 also punched the Chemical Serial Number (which the chemists had written on the Biology Code Sheet), 

 the Code Sheet Number (which was assigned to the Code Sheet immediately after coding), and the Line 

 Number (which was written at the end of each line by the coder). 



When the punching operation was complete, the Set of Biology Code Sheets was returned to the 

 clerical staff once more. 



Final Filing of the Biology Code Sheets and Biology IBM Punched Cards : 



After the coding of the Biology Code Sheets was punched onto IBM cards and the Set of Sheets 

 was returned, the Set was released to the person responsible for the Code Sheet Files who filed each 

 Code Sheet under the correct CBCC Chemical Serial Number. 



The filing of IBM punched cards was done by the IBM staff. 



Correction after Final Filing : 



Whenever a change was made in the Biology Code which involved information already coded, 

 it was necessary to retrieve all the Biology Code Sheets and IBM punched cards on which that coding 

 being altered appeared. Such corrections were always made by the resident staff. The IBM staff 

 subsequently re-punched the corrected coding on new IBM cards; the Biology Code Sheets and the new 

 IBM cards were then re-filed. 



VI. ADVANTAGES OF THE CBCC SYSTEM FOR CODING AND MACHINE HANDLING 

 OF CHEMICAL- BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION 



The Introduction has described the coding fields in terms of indexes to the information collected 

 by the CBCC and a preceding section of the Appendix (the description of the Biology IBM Punched Card 

 Files) has described the use of the punched cards for the multiple indexing of information in the Biology 

 Code Sheet File. The following attempts to clarify the specific advantages of the multiple indexes as 

 the means to the ultimate objectives of the Center. 



The CBCC was not unique in indexing chemical-biological information in more than one way. 

 Indexing and abstracting services such as Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Helminthological 

 Abstracts, etc. , include in their coverage information of this type as it occurs in the published litera- 

 ture and they subject-index it by chemical name and organism name; In some cases, it may be indexed 

 even by response. 



The ability to prepare and publish subject indexes by indexing and abstracting services has 

 limitations, however, and a few comparative observations on this subject will be appropriate here, 

 as an introduction to the explanation of the advantages for the multiple indexing attempted by the 

 CBCC. 



Published subject index entries (chemical, organism, or response) are necessarily brief and 

 not always or even frequently satisfactorily cross-referenced. Thus, the chemical entry does not 

 necessarily indicate any or all organisms treated or responses produced; the organism entry does not 

 necessarily indicate any or all of the chemicals administered or the organism's responses; the response 

 entry does not necessarily indicate any or all of the chemicals and organisms tested for the response. 

 The entries, of course, do refer directly to a published abstract and subsequently to the original 

 published data. Most frequently, these published indexes are prepared from the published abstracts 

 which the index accompanies or follows, rather than being prepared from the original data. It is 



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