Anatomie. — Morphologie etc. 179 



c. The presence of crossbundles appears to vary with the form 

 studied. In Scirpus validus nearly all the diaphragms have bundles 

 in them. 



The crossbundle is made up of xylem and phloem. At lirst the 

 connection with the longitudinal bundles is with the phloem, but 

 later a secondary connection is made with the xylem. 



The stellate cells originale from ordinary parenchyma cells by 

 the differential grow^th of the cells from the inside outward. 



Diaphragms in Scirpus validus arise by a division of the paren- 

 chyma into layers, some of which retain their meristematic charac- 

 ter, while the remaining cells gradually cease growing and become 

 the slender stellate cells of the air Spaces. 



Each group of four cells of the diaphragm of Scirpus spp. arises 

 from a mother cell. The formation of dividing walls parallel to the 

 long axes of the cells is probably determined by the current of food 

 materials passing from the crossbundle to the partition walls of 

 the Space. 



Diaphragms have the following functions: 



a. to resist strains and keep the Spaces open; 



b. to Support cross-bundles; 



c. to present entrance of water by the small size of the Perforation 



d. perforations admit air to circulate; 



e. whife young and green, to manufacture carbohydrates; 

 /. to Store food: 



I. this is possibly in the form of some tannin Compound con- 

 taining the phloroglucin radical, and" may or may not be 

 associated with glucose; 

 II. this substance is stored in special cells which are distinct 

 from the starch-bearing cells; 

 g. to conduct food materials from the cross-bundle to the par- 

 tition walls of the space. M. J. Sirks (Haarlem). 



Brannon. M. A., Fasciation. (Botanical Gazette. LVIII. p. 518 — 



526 1914.) 



Some examples of fasciation in cottonwood and willows are 

 presented in this paper; they have been noted because of the 

 bearing which the study of abnormal structures may have upon the 

 study of normal morphological structures; and also because of the 

 possible interesting physiological relation existing betw^een increased 

 sap pressure and the disturbed balance of forces which are believed 

 to be responsible for cottonwoods and willows undergoing a change 

 from radial to more or less bilateral symmetry of stem during their 

 first three seasons of growths. M. J. Sirks (Haarlem). 



Elkins, M. G., The maturation phases in Smilax herbacea. 

 (Botanical Gazette. LVII. p. 32-52. pl. IV— VI. 1914.) 



The writer has made in her study of cytology in Smilax her- 

 bacea following observations: 



The nuclei of the young microspore mother cells each contain 

 several nucleoli of varying size. The nucleoli fuse during the pro- 

 phase, forming one large nucleolus at synapsis. During the early 

 prophase the nucleolus is provided with several "papillae". These 

 doubtless represent small nucleolar bodies which also fuse with the 



