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THE IDENTIFICATION OF WOODY PLANTS IN WINTER has 

 attracted the attention of students of botany for many years. While 

 at first glance trees and shrubs may seem remarkably alike in 

 their dormant condition it is soon discovered that many of their 

 winter characters provide just as satisfactory criteria for recog- 

 nition as do the characters exhibited during the growing season. 



This manual is the outgrowth of many years of teaching by the 

 authors during which time several editions of a winter manual were 

 prepared and used in classes. The present treatment embodies 

 improvements which have resulted from actual use in taxonomy 

 classes over the years. 



The area covered by this manual is, in general, the northeas- 

 tern United States and southeastern Canada. The limits might be 

 indicated as the southern boundaries of Virginia and Kentucky, the 

 western boundaries of Missouri and Iowa, and the 49th parallel of 

 latitude through Quebec and Ontario to the northwestern corner of 

 Minnesota. In general, ranges are stated from east to west across 

 the north, then to the south. However, in the case of some dis- 

 tinctly southern plants having the principal portion of their range 

 south of this area the opposite practice has been followed. No 

 attempt has been made to include all woody plants of the area, but 

 most of the important species of the various regions are treated. 

 Introduced plants are included if they are likely to occur spontane- 

 ously. 



The Latin names, in general, conform to those used in Gray's 

 Manual of Botany, 8th Edition. Other names that have been in fre- 

 quent use by various authors are included in parenthesis. 



Most of the pen-and-ink drawings have been made by Nelle P. 

 Ammons, some of them having appeared in previous works by the 

 present authors. The sketches in the opening chapter were made 

 by Dr. William A. Lunk of the University of Michigan. 



