348 RESEARCHES ON FUNGI 



CoUybia radicata. — This species appears in the late summer and 

 autumn in woods and grassy places under certain trees, especially 

 Beeches. In England I have found it frequently under Beeches 

 {Fagits sylvatica) and once under a Horse Chestnut {Aesculus Hippo- 

 castanum). In central Canada, where no species of Beech grows, it 

 is absent,^ but it is common in the Beech woods of eastern Canada ^ 

 and the United States.^ It occurs in Japan.* Howitt ^ observed 

 fruit-bodies coming up annually under an Ironwood tree {Ostrya 

 virginiana) at Guelph, Ontario, and Grove ® repeatedly has seen 

 fruit-bodies coming up under an Oak {Quercus Robur), which was 

 far distant from any Beech at Studley, England. CoUybia radicata, 

 therefore, is associated not merely with Beeches, but with Oaks, 

 Ironwoods, Horse Chestnuts and, doubtless, a number of other trees. 



The stipe of CoUybia radicata is peculiar in that its aerial part, 

 which is from four to seven inches in height and somewhat thickened 

 below, is continued downwards beneath the soil. As it passes 

 beneath the soil, it becomes much swollen and fusiform, and it 

 then terminates in a long tapering root-like structure. The subter- 

 ranean " rooting base " of the stipe is often four or more inches 

 long (Fig. 175). 



Fayod ' investigated the so-balled rooting base of the stipe of 

 CoUybia radicata and found that it originated solely by intercalary 

 growth. He discovered that the carpophores come into existence 

 in the first instance upon roots buried to a depth of 10 cm. beneath 

 the soil ; and he suggested that the fungus is a root-parasite. 

 The youngest fruit-bodies which he observed were bulbous and 

 only 2 to 3 mm. long. A longitudinal section showed him that the 

 bulbous base of a young fruit-body is composed of large barrel- 

 shaped cells mixed with fine filamentous hyphae, and that the two 



^ G. R. Bisby, A. H. R. Buller, and J. Dearness, The Fungi of Manitoba, London, 

 1929, p. 32. 



2 H. T. Giissow and W. S. Odell, Mushrooms and Toadstools, Ottawa, 1927, 

 p. 116. 



** C. H. Kauftmann, The Agaricaceae of Michigan, Lansing, U.S.A., 1918, Vol. I, 

 p. 766, and Vol. II, Plate CLXVII. 



* M. Shirai and K. Hara, A List of Japanese Fungi, ed. 3, 1927, p. 96. 

 ^ J. E. Howitt, personal communication. 



• W. B. Grove, personal communication. 

 ' V. Fayod, loc. cit., pp. 214-215. 



